Table 1.
Remote contingency management studies in people who smoke cigarettes.
| Study author (year) | Design | Enrolled sample size (baseline) by condition | Target behavior | Retention at end of CM intervention | Eligible ages (mean) | Longest follow-up | Type of reinforcement | Reinforcement schedule | Maximum possible incentives for CM condition | Primary outcome: CM condition(s) Mean or % | Primary outcome: Control condition(s) Mean or % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessi et al. (2017) | RCT | CM = 45; control = 45 | Smoking cessation | 100 % | 18+ (M = 45 %) | 24 weeks | Prizes | Escalating with reset | $502 expected value | PNS: 89.1 | PNS: 65.9 | ||||
| Anderson et al. (2018) | RCT | Counseling (n = ~3,841,826); counseling + patches (n = ~142, 148); counseling + gift card (n = ~142,148); counseling + patches + gift card (n = ~142,148); | Quitline engagement | N/A | N/R | N/A | Nicotine patches and/or gift card | 1-time constant rate | $20 gift card and/or 4 week supply of patches | % Calls: counseling + patches = 0.115; Counseling + gift card = 0.122; counseling + patches + gift card = 0.2 | % Calls: 0.029 | ||||
| Dallery (2005) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 4) | Smoking cessation | 100 % | 18–60 (M = 39) | None | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | $171.50 | % CO reduction: 61.5 | N/A | ||||
| Dallery et al. (2007) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 26) | Smoking cessation | 76.92 % | 18–60 (M = 38.5) | N/R | Vouchers | Shaping and thinning were constant rate; abstinence was escalating with reset | $171.50 | Significant decreases in CO, along with sustained periods of abstinence, were observed during the treatment phase relative to baseline | |||||
| Dallery et al. (2013) | RCT | CM = 39; control = 38 | Smoking cessation | N/R | 18–60 (M = 39.7) | 6 months | Vouchers | Tapering was constant rate; abstinence induction and thinning were escalating with reset | $530 | PNS: 66.7 | PNS: 25 | ||||
| Dallery et al. (2021) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 14) | Smoking cessation | 78.6 % | 18–65 (M = 56.1) | None | Reloadable debit card | Escalating and escalating with reset | N/R | PNS: 89 | PNS: 4 | ||||
| Dan et al. (2016) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 5) | Smoking cessation | 60 % (n = 3/5) | 18+ (M = 35.67) | 1 week | Vouchers | Tapering and thinning were constant rate; abstinence induction was escalating with reset | $171.50 | PNS tapering: 42, PNS abstinence induction: 53, PNS thinning: 42 | PNS baseline: 3 | ||||
| Glenn (2007) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 15) | Smoking cessation | 93.33 % | 18–60 (M = 36.64) | N/R | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | $56.25 | PNS: 24.4 | PNS: 7.9 | ||||
| Halpern et al. (2018) | RCT | Usual care (n = 813); free cessation aids (n = 1588); free e-cigarettes (n = 1199); reward incentives + free cessation aids (n = 1198); redeemable deposits + free cessation aids (n = 1208) | Smoking cessation | N/R | 18+ (M = 43.98) | 6 months | Monetary deposit | Escalating | $600 | SSA: 2.0 % rewards, 2.9 % redeemable deposit | SSA: 0.1 % usual-care, 0.5 % free cessation aids, 1.0 % free e-cigarettes | ||||
| Harris (2015) | RCT | CM = 7; control = 10 | Smoking cessation | 100 % | Pregnant people 18+ (M = 24) | 2 follow-up sessions during remainder of pregnancy | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | N/R | % abstinent: 28.57 | % abstinent: 30 | ||||
| Harvanko et al. (2020) | RCT | CM = 87; control = 80 | Smoking cessation | N/R | Adolescents (M = 16.9) | 6 months | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | $875.25 | CO reduction from baseline to return to baseline: 5.0 ppm | CO reduction from baseline to return to baseline: 1.4 ppm | ||||
| Hertzberg et al. (2013) | RCT | CM = 11; control = 11 | Smoking cessation | 90.9 % | (M = 47.9) | 3 months | Monetary | Escalating with reset | $530 | QR at 4 weeks: 82 | QR at 4 weeks: 45 | ||||
| Jarvis (2017) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 9) | Smoking cessation | 100.00 % | 18–60 (M = 41.22) | N/R | Monetary deposit | Constant rate | Based on deposit amount | PNS: 47 | PNS: 1 | ||||
| Jarvis (2017) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 10) | Smoking cessation | 90 % | 18–60 (M = 39.9) | N/R | Monetary deposit + voucher | Constant rate | Based on deposit amount | PNS: 41.5 | PNS: 0 | ||||
| Koslovsky et al. (2018) | RCT | CM = 75; control = 71 | Smoking cessation | 97.26 % | 18+ (M = 52.3) | 4 weeks | N/R | N/R | N/R | Individuals in financial incentives group had decreased odds of smoking compared to those in usual care beginning 3 days before quit attempt and continuing throughout first week post-quit. | |||||
| Kurti et al. (2020) | N-RCT | CM = 31; control = 30 | Smoking cessation | 97 % | 18+ (M = 30.4) | 3 months | Gift card | Escalating with reset | $1620.00 | 7-day point prevalence abstinence: 36.7 | 7-day point prevalence abstinence: 10 | ||||
| Martner (2019) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 12) | Smoking cessation | 83.33 % | 18–65 (M = 37.5) | N/A | Monetary vouchers | Escalating with reset | Mean: $32.04 (range = $18–52.95, SD = $11.30). | PNS: EC + CM: 30.4 | PNS: EC: 34.4 | ||||
| Meredith et al. (2011) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 15) | Smoking cessation | 86.66 % | 18–60 (M = 33.15) | 1 week | Vouchers | Escalating with reset, tapering is constant rate, | $161.50 | PNS abstinence phase: 57 | PNS baseline phase: <1 | ||||
| Meredith (2013) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 42) | Smoking cessation | 76 % | 18–60 (M = 39.6) | 1 week | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | $122.50 | PNS: independent contingency condition: 55.6; PNS interdependent contingency conditions: 52.8 | PNS: 34.7 | ||||
| Mundt et al. (2019) | RCT | CM = 948; control = 952 | Quitline engagement and smoking cessation | N/R | (M = 45) | 6 months | Monetary | Constant rate | $190 | # Calls: M = 3.8 calls; QR: 21.6 % at 6-month follow-up | # Calls: M = 2.9; QR: 13.8 % at 6-month follow-up | ||||
| Parks et al. (2019) | RCT | $20 + protective call = 621; $20, no protective call = 621; $10 + protective call = 621; $10, no protective call = 619, $0 + protective call = 620; $0, no protective call = 621 | Quitline engagement | CM only (no protective calls) - 89.35 % | 20–88 (M = 52.8) | N/A | Gift card | 1-time constant rate | $20 | # Calls: $10 + no call: 23; $20 + no call: 29 | $0 + no call: 11 | ||||
| Raiff et al. (2017) | WS | Enrolled sample = 12 | Smoking cessation | 83.3 % | 19–48 (M = 26.2) | 1 month | Voucher | Abstinence induction phase escalating with reset, tapering was constant rate | $35.25 | PNS abstinence induction: 35.5; tapering: 13.8 | PNS baseline: 1.25 | ||||
| Ramo et al. (2018) | RCT | CM = 251; control =249 | Comments on Facebook | 67 % | 18–25 (M = 20.9) | 12 months | Gift card | Constant rate | $90 | # Comments based on incentive frequency: monthly: 30; weekly: 31; daily: 11 | # Comments without incentive: 5 | ||||
| Reynolds et al. (2008) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 4) | Smoking cessation | 100 % | Adolescents (M = 17.5) | N/A | Monetary | Escalating with reset with bonuses | $314.75 | All participants reduced CO levels during abstinence conditions relative to initial baseline | |||||
| Reynolds et al. (2015) | RCT | CM = 44; control = 37 | Smoking cessation | 70 % | Adolescents (M = 16.6) | 6 weeks | Voucher | Shaping and thinning were constant rate; abstinence was escalating with reset | $803 | Abstinence phase CO: 4.65 ppm | Abstinence phase CO: 9.49 ppm | ||||
| Stoops et al. (2009) | RCT | CM (n = 35); control (n = 33) | Smoking cessation | 82.86 % | 18+ (M = 39) | 1.5 months | Voucher | Escalating with reset | Approx. $800 | PNS for weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6: 30.4, 39.0, 39.8, 36.9, 39.8 & 33.9, respectively | PNS weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6: 18.4, 8.7, 6.7, 10.0, 11.3 & 12.6, respectively | ||||
Abbreviations: WS = Within Subjects Design; RCT = Randomized Control Trial Design; N-RCT = Non-Randomized Control Trial Design; CM = Contingency Management; M = Mean; N/R = Not Reported; N/A = Not Applicable; PNS = Percent Negative Samples; SSA = Sustained Smoking Abstinence; QR = Quit Rate; CO = Carbon Monoxide.