Table 2.
Remote contingency management studies in people who drink alcohol.
| Study author (year) | Design | Enrolled sample size (baseline) by condition | Target behavior | Retention at end of CM condition | Eligible ages (mean) | Longest follow-up | Type of reinforcement | Reinforcement schedule | Maximum possible incentives for CM condition | Primary outcome: CM condition(s) Mean or % | Primary outcome: Control condition(s) Mean or % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessi (2013) | RCT | CM = 15; control =15 | Alcohol abstinence | 100 % | 21+ (M = 39.35) | N/R | Vouchers | Escalating with reset | $340 | PNS:87.1 | PNS:66.9 |
| Barnett et al. (2011) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 20) | Alcohol use reduction | 65 % | 18+ (M = 32) | N/R | Monetary | Escalating with reset | $154 | PDA: 82.4, Percent days of self-reported abstinence in week 3: 75.8, TAC in weeks 2–3: 0.011 g/dL | PDA: 23.3, TAC in week 1: 0.044 g/dL |
| Dougherty et al. (2014) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 29) | Alcohol abstinence | 89.7 % | 21–39 (M = 28.5) | N/R | Monetary | Constant rate | $300 | PNS $25: 87; PNS $50: 89 | PNS: 70 |
| Dougherty et al. (2015) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 80) | Alcohol use reduction | 80 % | 21–54 (M = 30.20) | 3 months | Monetary | Constant rate | $600 | Odds of meeting contingency criteria were 7-fold greater for CM phase compared to observation phase | |
| Koffarnus et al. (2018) | RCT | CM = 20; control = 20 | Alcohol abstinence | 100 % | 18+ (M = 45.9) | 1 month | Monetary | Escalating with bonus and reset | $350 | PDA: 85 | PDA: 38 |
| Koffarnus et al. (2021) | RCT | CM = 18; control = 18 | Alcohol abstinence | 100 % | 18+ (M = 37.7) | 6 months | Reloadable debit card | Escalating with bonus and reset | $350 | PDA: 86 | PDA:40 |
| Oluwoye et al. (2020) | WS | Enrolled sample (n = 9) | Alcohol abstinence | 66.6 % | 21+ (M = 30.5) | 9 weeks | E-gift card | Escalating with reset | $369 | PNS: 49 | PNS: 27 |
| Neighbors et al. (2018) | RCT | In person $0 (n = 584); In person $30 (n = 655); Remote $0 (n = 490); Remote $30 (n = 330) | Intervention engagement | N/A | 18–26 (M = 22.14) | 6 months | Gift cards | 1-time constant | $30 | % engaged: 39.1 | % engaged: 24.5 |
| Barnett et al. (2017) | RCT | CM = 15; control = 15 | Alcohol abstinence | 100 % | 18+ (M = 28.9) | 1 month | Monetary | Escalating with reset | $231 | PDA: 54.3 | PDA: 31.2 |
Abbreviations: WS = Within Subjects Design; RCT = Randomized Control Trial Design; CM = Contingency Management; M = Mean; N/R = Not Reported; N/A = Not Applicable; PNS = Percent Negative Samples; PDA = Percent Days Abstinent; TAC = Transdermal Alcohol Concentration.