Table 3.

Remote contingency management studies in people who use other substances.

Study author (year)	Design	Enrolled sample size (baseline) by condition	Target behavior	Retention at end of CM condition	Eligible ages (mean)	Longest follow-up	Type of reinforcement	Reinforcement schedule	Maximum possible incentives for CM condition	Primary outcome: CM condition(s) Mean or %	Primary outcome: Control condition (s) Mean or %
DeFulio et al. (2021)	N-RCT	Enrolled CM = 85, Matched control = 85	Drug and alcohol abstinence, treatment engagement	100 %	N/R	None	Reloadable debit card	Escalating with reset and constant rate	$436	CM vs. control: Months 1, 2, 3, 4: 14.12, 17.65, 16.47 & 20 percentage point increases in consistent samples, respectively; 7.28, 9.55, 13.62 & 18.01 percentage point increases in attendance, respectively.
Hammond et al. (2021)	RCT	CM = 29; control = 32	Drug and alcohol abstinence, treatment engagement	N/R	18+ (M = 39.6)	1 month	Reloadable debit card	Escalating with reset	$600	Mean days in usual care treatment: 29.8; Treatment retention rate: 24 %; Rate of recent abstinence: 33 %	Mean days in usual care treatment: 22.2; Treatment retention rate: 3 %; Rate of recent abstinence: 16 %
Holtyn et al. (2021)	RCT	CM = 21; control = 20	Intervention engagement	100 %	18+ (M = 47.1)	None	Reloadable credit card	Constant rate	$350	% enrolled in treatment: 71 %	% enrolled in treatment: 30 %
Raiff et al. (2021)	WS	Enrolled sample (n = 8)	Nicotine vaping abstinence	100 %	18–35 (M = 19.9)	None	Reloadable debit card	Escalating with reset	$140	PNS (<30 % ng/ml cotinine): 77 %	PNS (<30 % ng/ml cotinine): 0 %

Abbreviations: WS = Within Subjects Design; RCT = Randomized Control Trial Design; N-RCT = Non-Randomized Control Trial Design; CM = Contingency Management Condition; M = mean; N/R = Not Reported; PNS = Percent Negative Samples.