Table 3.

Behavioural pain indicators considered useful for various animal species by veterinarians in Bosnia and Herzegovina responding to the survey questionnaire (n = 73)

Behavioural pain indicators	In horses (n = 60)	In cattle (n = 62)	In sheep (n = 50)	In dogs (n = 73)	In cats (n = 73)
Demeanour	47 (78%)
Mental status				49 (67%)	39 (53%)
Behaviour of the dog on a leash				51 (70%)
Position in the room				49 (67%)
Appetite	39 (65%)	45 (73%)		47 (64%)	45 (62%)
Comfort					30 (41%)
Locomotion		50 (81%)
Activity		45 (73%)		48 (66%)	39 (53%)
Pawing	45 (75%)
Kicking/stepping with their feet		44 (71%)
Kicking in the abdomen	50 (83%)
Rolling	44 (73%)
Sweating	32 (53%)
Stretching	29 (48%)	18 (29%)
Vocalisation	20 (33%)			40 (55%)	56 (77%)
Posture (weight distribution)	21 (35%)				42 (57%)
Lateral recumbence	10 (17%)
Head below spine		32 (52%)
Back curvature during rest		30 (48%)
Head and neck extension while laying down		28 (45%)
Head on the ground while laying down		27 (44%)
Partial or complete extension of hind limbs during ventral recumbence		27 (44%)
Interactive behaviour (aggression towards foal and other horses)	20 (33%)
Interactive behaviour (aggression towards handlers)	18 (30%)
Interactive behaviour (reaction to observer[s], sound stimulus)	11 (18%)	24 (39%)
Interactive behaviour (interaction with other animals)		12 (19%)
Tail flicking (excluding flicking to chase off insects)	15 (25%)	16 (26%)
Licking of surgical wounds		14 (23%)
Reaction to wound/painful area palpation	46 (77%)			62 (85%)	61 (85%)
Reaction to abdomen palpation					56 (77%)
Facial expressions	35 (58%)				34 (47%)
Spasm of masticatory muscles			30 (60%)
Abnormal ear position			29 (58%)
Abnormal lip and jaw profile			22 (44%)
Orbital muscles tension			21 (42%)
Abnormal shape of the nostrils and nasal philtrum			20 (40%)
Tears	16 (27%)
Self-mutilation					44 (60%)
Collapse	27 (45%)
Stupor	6 (10%)