Figure 3.

Framework for effective environmental enrichment for livestock species outlining three major components that must be considered: practicality; animal welfare outcomes; and economics. Dashed arrows indicate opportunities for development and change providing solutions to economic and practicality barriers. R&D indicates the potential of innovation that may result in improvements in practicality over time. Market change indicates market dynamics (e.g. price, cost) that may lead to economic benefits outweighing the costs of implementing an enrichment. Pseudo-enrichment refers to proposed environmental enrichment resources that do not improve animal welfare.