Table 1.

Proposed re-classification of environmental enrichment provided to animals based on both short- and long-term assessments of welfare indicators

Short term assessments of welfare		Long term assessments of welfare
Biological functioning	Positive hedonistic states	Sustained use	Positive mood or stress resilience	Proposed terminology
↔	↔	↔	↔	Pseudo-enrichment
↔	↑	↔	↔	Pseudo-enrichment*
↑	↑ or ↔	↑ or ↔	↔	Enrichment for meeting basic needs
↔	↑	↑	↔	Enrichment for pleasure
↑ or ↔	↑	↑	↑	Enrichment for positive welfare balance

^↑Indicates improvement after the provision of enrichment.

^↔Indicates no improvement to welfare indicator after the provision of enrichment.

Pseudo-enrichment refers to proposed environmental enrichments that do not improve biological functioning, provide sustained pleasure or result in a positive welfare balance.

^*This item may be beneficial if it is included in an enrichment programme or rotated throughout an animal’s life, however when provided in isolation does not improve the welfare of the animal.