Table 2.
Statistical results of the main effects of phase and exoskeleton for all kinematic variables. n=12
| Phase 1: Lifting | Phase 2: Carrying | Phase 3: Lowering on table | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics | RoM [°] | Abs. change to BL [°] | RoM [°] | Abs. change to BL [°] | RoM [°] | Abs. change to BL [°] | |||||||||||||||
| Exo | Phase | BL | RAK | HTRI | HUN | JAP | CRAY | BL | RAK | HTRI | HUN | JAP | CRAY | BL | RAK | HTRI | HUN | JAP | CRAY | ||
| Kinematics | Ankle R | F(4,84.4) =.859 p =.492 |
F(5,114.4) =3.754 p =.003 |
27.4 ±5.2 |
0.8 ±7.9 |
0.5 ±10.5 |
0.8 ±10.1 |
−0.1 ±7.4 |
−0.3 ±6.0 |
40.6 ±4.5 |
−0.9 ±2.3 |
−0.6 ±3.0 |
−2.4 ±4.1 |
−0.7 ±2.6 |
−1.2 ±2.4 |
22.2 ±4.9 |
2.0 ±6.0 |
2.7 ±6.1 |
0.5 ±8.7 |
3.0 ±8.9 |
0.6 ±6.7 |
| Ankle L | F(4,94.3) =.1.977 p =.104 |
F(5,115.7) =1.832 p =.112 |
27.6 ±6.8 |
−1.1 ±6.8 |
1.5 ±8.9 |
−0.8 ±9.3 |
0.1 ±9.8 |
1.5 ±6.8 |
40.5 ±5.5 |
0.1 ±4.1 |
0.8 ±3.0 |
−2.4 ±4.8 |
0.4 ±3.6 |
0.6 ±2.4 |
22.3 ±7.4 |
−0.6 ±9.3 |
−1.3 ±7.5 |
−4.4 ±8.5 |
−0.3 ±8.9 |
0.8 ±7.5 |
|
| Knee R | F(4,49.5) =.702 p =.594 |
F(5,101.5) =5.942 p <.001 |
112.8 ±27.1 |
−12.5 ±16.9 |
−0.4 ±25.9 |
−8.5 ±21.5 |
0.8 ±27.1 |
−6.6 ±11.9 |
72.2 ±3.2 |
−0.3 ±2.7 |
−0.4 ±3.0 |
−1.1 ±5.1 |
0.5 ±3.9 |
1.0 ±4.2 |
44.1 ±14.6 |
1.1 ±3.7 |
1.5 ±3.6 |
−1.1 ±5.1 |
2.3 ±20.4 |
1.0 ±4.2 |
|
| Knee L | F(4,51.5) =2.722 p =.039 |
F(5,76.0) =5.318 p <.001 |
114.6 ±27.6 |
−12.2 ±13.8 |
−0.9 ±27.6 |
−10.1 ±21.9 |
3.1 ±26.8 |
−6.0 ±12.5 |
71.9 ±4.1 |
−1.1 ±2.4 |
0.3 ±2.5 |
−3.4*
±3.4 |
−3.1 ±4.7 |
1.1 ±4.3 |
36.6 ±13.8 |
0.0 ±4.3 |
0.9 ±3.1 |
−2.9 ±4.7 |
−1.8 ±5.3 |
1.4 ±3.7 |
|
| Hip R | F(4,111.2) =.256 p =.905 |
F(5,107.9) =4.475 p <.001 |
119.0 ±9.0 |
−4.2 ±5.7 |
−3.1 ±7.9 |
2.5 ±9.0 |
−10.5 ±11.5 |
−0.9 ±7.5 |
42.7 ±3.8 |
0.8 ±7.9 |
0.5 ±10.5 |
0.8 ±10.1 |
−0.1 ±7.4 |
−0.3 ±6.0 |
25.3 ±6.8 |
−0.9 ±2.3 |
−0.6 ±3.0 |
−2.4 ±4.1 |
−0.7 ±2.6 |
−1.2 ±2.4 |
|
| Hip L | F(4,97.3) =.987 p =.418 |
F(5,103.4) =2.159 p =.064 |
121.1 ±9.1 |
−5.0 ±6.5 |
−3.4 ±8.7 |
2.2 ±9.1 |
−10.4 ±11.6 |
−0.9 ±9.7 |
43.9 ±4.7 |
−1.1 ±6.8 |
1.5 ±8.9 |
−0.8 ±9.3 |
0.1 ±9.8 |
1.5 ±6.8 |
25.7 ±6.1 |
0.1 ±4.1 |
0.8 ±3.0 |
−2.4 ±4.8 |
0.4 ±3.6 |
0.6 ±2.4 |
|
| Trunk inclination | F(4,78.9) =3.832 p =.007 |
F(5,69.6) =1.513 p =.197 |
50.2 ±14.3 |
7.2 ±9.8 |
2.7 ±12.0 |
9.6 ±14.9 |
−1.4 ±13.0 |
6.4 ±8.6 |
6.5 ±4.8 |
−0.6 ±9.8 |
3.5 ±6.1 |
0.1 ±4.1 |
1.1 ±8.1 |
7.7 ±9.8 |
14.3 ±6.0 |
1.6 ±6.8 |
2.1 ±8.1 |
3.8 ±5.4 |
3.6 ±10.0 |
4.5 ±9.7 |
|
| Trunk flexion | F(4,101.1) =7.605 p <.001 |
F(5, 76.8) =0.374 p =.865 |
41.8 ±6.1 |
0.3 ±6.4 |
−2.0 ±7.1 |
−9.3*
±10.1 |
−5.6 ±9.7 |
−4.9 ±11.6 |
8.7 ±5.2 |
−2.0 ±7.0 |
−1.9 ±6.4 |
−2.9 ±6.6 |
−2.1 ±9.7 |
−4.4 ±7.6 |
12.2 ±6.4 |
−0.0 ±6.7 |
−3.2 ±6.4 |
−5.5 ±6.3 |
−4.9 ±8.2 |
−6.0 ±9.6 |
|
| Statistics | Time [s] | Abs. change to BL [s] | Time [s] | Abs. change to BL [s] | Time [s] | Abs. change to BL [s] | |||||||||||||||
| Task duration | F(4,114.9) =5.201 p <.001 |
F(5,77.6) =11.864 p <.001 |
3.0 ±0.3 |
0.1 ±0.3 |
0.4*
±0.1 |
0.4*
±0.4 |
0.9*
±0.8 |
0.3 ±0.5 |
3.1 ±0.3 |
−0.2 ±0.6 |
0.1 ±0.4 |
−0.3 ±0.7 |
−0.0 ±0.5 |
0.1 ±0.4 |
2.1 ±0.3 |
−0.0 ±0.3 |
−0.0 ±0.3 |
0.1 ±0.3 |
0.1 ±0.1 |
−0.0 ±0.3 |
|
Note. BL values and absolute differences to BL of RoM for all investigated joints and task durations separated into the six phases. The values are presented as mean ± SD. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences compared to BL.