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The layout of the experimental pen (a) and the design of the hide (b). For cow-calf pairs in the hide treatment, the hide was placed randomly in one of four possible hide locations (‘Hide Pos’ 1–4). The hide was constructed from three green plastic panels (each 107 × 76 cm [height × width]; MS Schippers, Lacombe, Canada) bolted together in a ‘U’ shape. The quarter-circle shapes on the outside of the pen indicate gates.
