Table 2.

Summary of the major advantages of caloric restriction in both nonhuman primates and humans, alongside the risks of micronutrient deficiencies resulting from such restriction.

	Potential benefits	Potential detriments
Short term	Body weight loss Improved insulin resistance Improved glucose tolerance Improved lipid profile Improved inflammation profile...	When CR is applied, the reduced dietary intake often leads to micronutrient insufficiency or deficiency (referred to as hidden hunger), giving rise to various subclinical and clinical manifestations
Long term	Lifestyle and epigenetic modifications via caloric restriction may mitigate the risk of aging-related diseases, promoting a longer and healthier lifespan	The advantages of caloric restriction (CR), arising from lifestyle and epigenetic adjustments, may be compromised over the long term due to micronutrient deficiencies