TABLE 3.

Examples of brownfield cleanup efforts that included design elements to create or enhance ecosystem services.

Location	Previous Land Use	Current Land Use	Ecosystem Services
Pennington Gap, VA	Stone Creek Tipple Site Coal mine8	Community park & outdoor classroom	Enhancing wildlife habitat; Stormwater and flood control; Recreational benefits; Pollinator benefits; Environmental education; Access to nature
Wilmington, DE	Brandywine Village Abandoned Hi-Tech gas station9	Greenspace (permeable parking lot)	Stormwater & flood control
Tahoe Vista, CA	Snow Creek Stream Environment Zone (SEZ) project10	Restored wetlands	Recreational benefits; Environmental education; Access to nature; Climate change resiliency
Palmerton, PA	Palmerton Zinc Pile11	450-acres of Native Prairie & Lehigh Gap Nature Center	Pollinator benefits; Environmental Education; Recreational benefits
Town of Coventry, RI	Former dumping ground12	20-acre Sandy Acres Recreation Area	Enhancing wildlife habitat; Stormwater and flood control; Recreational benefits
Crab Orchard, KY	Lincoln Co. Scrap Metal13	Public park	Walking trails; Recreation benefits
Tillamook County, OR	Veneer Mill14	Protected wetland	Wildlife habitat; Stormwater and flood control
Lake Tahoe, CA	Concrete Plant15	3-acre parcel of land with native habitat	Enhancing wildlife habitat; Access to nature
Brea, CA	Abandoned Union Pacific Railroad16	Multi-use trail	Access to nature; Environmental education; Recreational benefits
Fitchburg, MA	Rubber Factory17	Riverfront Park	Enhancing wildlife habitat; Stormwater & flood control; Recreational benefits

Each case study reference (see footnotes) was reviewed by at least two authors to identify the ecosystem services elements listed in the right column. For a list of common environmental benefits/ecosystem services in brownfield cleanup design, see Table 1.