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. 2024 Mar 6;16(1):2325067. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2325067

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — Alteration in blood metabolite production during an IAV infection. (a–e), L-carnitine and short-chain acetylcarnitines (a), TMAO (b), indole derivative (c), polyamine (d), and branched short-chain fatty acids (e) were measured in blood samples from each animal and at each time point, using targeted quantitative metabolomics (mean ± SD). Values for individual animal are presented (n = 7–8/time point) (µM). Significant differences were determined using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test to parametric data. Nonparametric data was analyzed by Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s posttest (*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001). TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; IPA, indole-3-propionic acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid.