Table 6.

Completed and ongoing trials investigating the role of OFA on cancer outcome.

Tumor type	Design	OFA protocol	Study type	Oncological endpoints	Potential endpoints related to cancer outcome	Phase	NCT number
Breast Cervix Endometrial Ovarian	OFA vs standard GA (with opioids)	Dexmedetomidine +ketamine +lidocaine +propofol	Retrospective	Recurrence at 12 months Survival at 12 months	Postoperative Systemic Inflammatory Response (CRP, WBC, platelets)	NA	NCT05448586
Gastric	OFA vs standard GA (with opioids)	Dexmedetomidine +propofol	RCT	Readmission rate at 3 months	Pain, analgesic requirement	NA	NCT04529135
Lung	OFA vs standard GA (with opioids)	Dexmedetomidine +hyoscine +ketamine +lidocaine +midazolam +pregabalin +propofol	RCT		Inflammation (LMR, NLR, PLR); surgical stress response (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, WBC, AVP, cortisol, HIF-1a, VEGF, NF-κB); pain	4	NCT05172739

Abbreviations: AVP, arginine-vasopressin; CRP, C-reactive protein; GA, general anesthesia; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; IL, interleukin; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; NA, non-applicable; NK-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OFA, opioid-free anesthesia; OS, overall survival; PLR, platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RFS, recurrence-free survival; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WBC, white blood cell.