Figure 5.

Lipid mechanisms in autophagy. Various lipid species, such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, play crucial roles in different stages of autophagy. Specifically, phosphoinositides have been identified as key modulators of autophagy, involved in signaling processes that govern autophagy initiation, autophagosome biogenesis, and maturation. Ceramide (Cer) has also been implicated in the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, gangliosides, including GD3 gangliosides, can be recruited to autophagosomes and contribute to morphogenic remodeling.