Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics of Women with Physical Intimate Partner Violence Exposure Versus Those Without Physical Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in 38 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Sites, 2009–2015
| IPV exposed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Maternal characteristics | N | %, 95% CI | N | %, 95% CI | pa |
| Received IPV counseling | |||||
| Yes | 5950 | 52.9 (51.2–54.7) | 125,877 | 51.1 (50.7–51.4) | <0.05 |
| No | 4725 | 47.1 (45.4–48.8) | 114,562 | 48.9 (48.6–49.3) | |
| Maternal age (years) | |||||
| <20 | 1548 | 14.2 (13.0–15.5) | 18,954 | 7.3 (7.1–7.4) | <0.01 |
| 20–29 | 6724 | 61.3 (59.6–63.0) | 124,327 | 50.4 (50.1–51.1) | |
| (30 | 2781 | 24.5 (23.1–25.9) | 103,929 | 42.4 (42.1–42.7) | |
| Maternal race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4509 | 48.2 (46.2–50.1) | 128,391 | 59.7 (59.5–60.0) | <0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2815 | 22.9 (21.3–24.4) | 38,411 | 13.1 (12.9–13.3) | |
| Other | 3567 | 28.9 (27.2–30.6) | 76,942 | 27.1 (27.0–27.4) | |
| Household income (Federal Poverty Rate) | |||||
| 0%–100% | 7314 | 68.8 (67.2–70.4) | 87,499 | 36.5 (36.1–36.8) | <0.01 |
| 101%–200% | 1788 | 18.1 (16.8–19.5) | 48,629 | 20.8 (20.5–21.1) | |
| 201%–300% | 407 | 3.9 (3.4–4.6) | 20,328 | 8.5 (8.4–8.7) | |
| >300% | 771 | 9.2 (8.3–10.2) | 69,966 | 34.2 (33.9–34.5) | |
| Maternal education | |||||
| Less than high school | 2506 | 22.6 (21.1–24.1) | 37,262 | 16.0 (15.0–15.5) | <0.01 |
| High school | 3856 | 36.6 (34.9–38.3) | 62,141 | 24.7 (24.3–24.8) | |
| Greater than high school | 4537 | 40.9 (39.2–42.5) | 144,838 | 59.2 (59.9–60.5) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 2978 | 27.4 (26.0–29.0) | 149,950 | 62.2 (61.9–62.5) | <0.01 |
| Other | 8038 | 72.6 (71.0–74.0) | 96,644 | 37.8 (37.5–38.1) | |
| Pregnancy intention | |||||
| Intended | 3571 | 33.3 (31.7–35.0) | 138,264 | 57.9 (57.6–58.2) | <0.01 |
| Unintendedb | 7264 | 66.7 (65.1–68.3) | 103,987 | 42.1 (41.8–42.4) | |
| Trimester entry into PNC | |||||
| First trimester | 7917 | 71.9 (69.6–72.7) | 203,109 | 81.7 (81.5–82.0) | <0.01 |
| Second trimester | 2342 | 22.0 (20.6–23.4) | 34,246 | 14.2 (14.0–14.5) | |
| Third trimester | 498 | 5.1 (4.3–5.9) | 6350 | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) | |
| No PNC | 271 | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 2957 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | |
| Enrolled in WIC program | |||||
| Yes | 7934 | 70.4 (68.8–71.9) | 114,654 | 44.5 (44.2–44.8) | <0.01 |
| No | 3022 | 29.7 (28.1–31.2) | 129,488 | 55.2 (55.2–55.8) | |
| Insurance coverage | |||||
| Private/HMO | 1742 | 18.1 (16.8–19.3) | 109,450 | 47.7 (47.4–48.1) | <0.01 |
| Medicaid or other publicly funded | 7932 | 72.0 (70.4–73.5) | 108,217 | 42.2 (41.9–42.5) | |
| Other | 707 | 7.4 (6.5–8.5) | 16,768 | 7.1 (6.9–7.3) | |
| None | 303 | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 7125 | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | |
| Alcohol use before and/or during pregnancy | |||||
| Yes | 6660 | 61.8 (60.1–63.4) | 128,129 | 54.4 (54.1–54.8) | <0.01 |
| No | 4245 | 38.2 (36.6–39.9) | 114,691 | 45.6 (45.2–45.9) | |
| Cigarette smoking before and/or during pregnancy | |||||
| Yes | 5639 | 47.9 (46.2–49.6) | 56,560 | 21.2 (20.9–21.5) | <0.01 |
| No | 5294 | 52.1 (50.4–53.8) | 186,883 | 78.9 (78.5–79.1) | |
| Pre-pregnancy depression diagnosedc | |||||
| Yes | 1505 | 12.2 (11.2–13.3) | 13,993 | 5.2 (5.1–5.3) | <0.01 |
| No | 9548 | 87.8 (86.7–88.8) | 233,217 | 94.8 (94.7–94.4) | |
| Stressful life events | |||||
| Was in a physical fightd | 2367 | 39.4 (37.01–41.8) | 2360 | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | <0.01 |
| Husband/partner did not want pregnancy | 3526 | 30.6 (30.0–33.1) | 16,065 | 6.4 (6.2–6.5) | <0.01 |
| Got separated or divorced | 4130 | 36.3 (34.7–37.9) | 16,342 | 6.3 (6.1–6.5) | <0.01 |
| Husband/partner or self in jail | 2910 | 24.5 (23.0–25.9) | 8610 | 3.1 (2.9–3.2) | <0.01 |
| Someone close had problem with drinking or drugs | 5086 | 43.1 (41.4–44.8) | 27,650 | 10.4 (10.2–10.6) | <0.01 |
| Argued with husband/partner more than usual | 8152 | 73.7 (72.3–75.2) | 51,745 | 20.5 (20.2–20.8) | <0.01 |
| Was homeless | 1714 | 14.4 (13.2–15.6) | 6515 | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | <0.01 |
Physical IPV exposure: derived from a response of “Yes” to either of two questions that asked if the respondent had been pushed, hit, slapped, kicked, choked, or physically hurt in any way in the 12 months before pregnancy or during pregnancy by a husband or partner.
Chi-squared testing comparing women exposed to physical IPV before and/or during pregnancy to those who were not.
Unintended pregnancy was derived from responses of “I wanted to be pregnant later,” “I did not want to be pregnant then or at any time in the future,” or “I wasn’t sure what I wanted,” to a question that asked how the respondent felt about becoming pregnant shortly before she got pregnant.
Included only on 2012–2015 (Phase 7) surveys.
Included only on 2009–2011 (Phase 6) surveys.
CI, confidence interval; HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; IPV, intimate partner violence; PNC, prenatal care; WIC, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.