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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 13.

Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2023 Jan 11;42(5):632–655. doi: 10.1002/sim.9635

Flowchart to illustrate the data generation process for the simulated population. Notation: $P S U =$ primary sampling unit from target population, $I n d i v i d u a l =$ person from target population, $X =$ predictor variable for final regression model, $Z =$ auxiliary variable for time-to-treatment and imputation models, $T_{V} =$ time between baseline and follow-up, $T_{M} =$ time between baseline and treatment initiation, $Y_{0} =$ baseline biomarker, $Y_{V} =$ biomarker at follow-up if participant had not received treatment, $Y_{V}^{trt} =$ biomarker at follow-up if participant had not received treatment, $Y_{D} =$ observed biomarker at follow-up, $B_{V}$ = indicator of disease status at follow-up, $R_{V} =$ indicator of treatment at follow-up.