TABLE 3.
Standard Induction Versus Low-Dose Induction
| Variables | Standard Induction (n = 57) | Low-Dose Induction (n = 38) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 22 (38.6) | 50 (75.9) | < 0.005 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) | 2 (3.5) | 2 (5.3) | NS |
| Continuous infusion sedatives, n (%) | 30 (52.6) | 30 (79.3) | 0.02 |
| Midazolam | 5 (8.8) | 12 (31.6) | 0.006 |
| Propofol | 17 (29.8) | 20 (52.6) | 0.03 |
| Dexmedetomidine | 15 (26.3) | 22 (57.9) | 0.003 |
| Ketamine | 4 (7) | 6 (15.8) | 0.19 |
| Intermittent sedatives, n (%) | 32 (56.1) | 24 (63.2) | 0.53 |
| Benzodiazepines | 12 (21.1) | 8 (21.1) | NS |
| Phenobarbital | 4 (7) | 12 (31.6) | 0.004 |
| Haloperidol | 5 (8.8) | 6 (15.8) | 0.34 |
| Atypical antipsychotic | 9 (15.8) | 8 (21.1) | 0.59 |
| Clonidine | 11 (19.3) | 9 (23.7) | 0.62 |
| Addiction Medicine Team consult, n (%) | 56 (98.2) | 34 (89.7) | 0.11 |
| Buprenorphine started within 24 hr, n (%)a | 8/22 (36.4) | 0/13 (0.0) | 0.02 |
| Daily dose of buprenorphine reached before ICU discharge, median mg (IQR) | 16 (8–16) | 16 (8–16) | NS |
| ICU length of stay, median, d (IQR) | 8 (4–17) | 13 (8–22) | 0.04 |
| Buprenorphine continued at ICU discharge, n (%) | 45 (79) | 34 (89.7)b | 0.37 |
| Buprenorphine continued at hospital discharge with intent for indefinite treatment, n (%)b | 32/49 (65.3) | 26/37 (70.3)c | 0.65 |
| Buprenorphine continued at hospital discharge for patients previously receiving buprenorphine via prescription before admission, n (%)b | 15/18 (83.3) | 10/12 (83.3) | 1.00 |
IQR = interquartile range, NS = not significant.
a
Denominator represents patients who were receiving buprenorphine before admission.
b
In those patients that survived hospital discharge.
c
Those patients who were started on a low-dose induction but did not complete it due to being switched to standard induction are included in this number.