Representative histological sections stained for (A) tartrate-resistant-acid-phosphatase (TRAP, osteoclastic marker) and (B) α-SMA (blood vessels) in all treated groups at 3 weeks after surgery analyzed under a light microscope. Red arrows (left) and green arrows (right) indicate positive-stained osteoclasts and blood vessels, respectively. I: implant (blue dotted lines: residual, unabsorbed material), N: new bone, F: fibrous tissue, M: muscle tissue. Overview images scale bars = 1000 μm and magnified images scale bars = 100 μm.