Table 1.

Possible therapeutic targets for the biological treatment of COPD and ongoing clinical trials.

Therapeutic target	Biologic	Phase III clinical trials	Ongoing clinical trials	Results
IL-5	Mepolizumab	METREO & METRIX	MATINEE	18–20% reduction of moderate-severe exacerbations compared with placebo (non-significant)
IL-5 receptor	Benralizumab	GALATHEA & TERRANOVA	RESOLUTE	18% and 7% reduction of moderate-severe exacerbations compared with placebo (non-significant)
IL-4 and 13 receptor	Dupilumab	BOREAS	NOTUS	34% reduction of exacerbations, improvement of lung function and state of health (significant)
TSLP	Tezepelumab		COURSE	Unavailable
IL-33	Itepekimab	AERIFY	AERIFY-2	Unavailable
Il-33	Tozorakimab	OBERON & TITANIA	PROSPERO	Unavailable
ST2 (IL-339 receptor)	Astegolimab	ALIENTO	ARNASA	Unavailable