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. 2024 Feb 15;56(3):541–552. doi: 10.1038/s41588-024-01659-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 8 — a. Spectra of the 6 new SBS signatures and comparison to the current COSMIC catalog. The 6 new SBS signatures discovered by MuSiCal are plotted to the left. In the middle, signatures from the COSMIC catalog with the highest cosine similarities to the 6 new ones, respectively, are plotted, and the corresponding cosine similarities are annotated next to the spectra. To the right, each of the 6 new SBS signatures is matched to the COSMIC catalog as a combination of at most 3 signatures through NNLS, and the reconstructed signature with the highest cosine similarity is plotted, with the corresponding cosine similarities annotated. The cosine similarities inside the parentheses are obtained from matching the new SBS signatures to the entire COSMIC catalog through NNLS without constraining to at most 3 signatures. Two new signatures, SBS96 and 100, are especially poorly reconstructed by COSMIC signatures and thus highlighted. b. Comparison of the 6 new signatures with those from the COSMIC catalog in terms of their uniqueness. To put the cosine similarities in (a) in context, two statistics are calculated for each signature in the COSMIC catalog as well as for the new ones – the maximum cosine similarity to another signature in the COSMIC catalog (y-axis), and the residual error after matching to all other signatures in the COSMIC catalog through NNLS (x-axis). Indeed, the 6 new signatures discovered by MuSiCal are not overly redundant compared to signatures already present in the COSMIC catalog. Two new signatures, SBS96 and 100, are especially unique compared to the majority of COSMIC signatures.