TABLE 2.

In vitro cell models.

Cell selection	Inducer	Construction method	References
HK-2 cells (human renal cortical proximal tubule epithelial cells)	Adenosine and xanthine	Containing 0.5 mmol/L adenosine added in RPMI 1640 medium for 24 h	(82)
THP-1 (human monocytes)	MSU	MSU THP-1 cells were treated with 100 ng/mL PAM for 48 h and then stimulated with 250 μg/mL MSU crystals for 6 h	(83)
AML12 (mouse hepatocytes)	Guanosine and Inosine	containing 100 μM guanosine and inosine, respectively, were stimulated for 2 h	(85)
HRMCs (human renal mesangial cells)	MSU	MSU Cells were stimulated with three doses of MSU at 0.5, 5, and 50 ng/ml and peaked after 8 h	(6)
NRK-52E (rat proximal renal tubular epithelial cells)	UA	NPK-52 cells were inoculated in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and then incubated with serum-free medium for 16 h before adding different concentrations of uric acid to stimulate	(74)
HBZY-1 (Rat glomerular thylakoid cells)	UA	Stimulated cells were measured with 0.2 mmol/L concentration of UA after different times of 24, 36, and 48 h	(86)