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. 2024 Mar 13;14:6074. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54259-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates per 1 standard deviation increase in educational attainment for 5 lifestyle factors: body mass index (BMI), lifetime smoking index, drinks consumed per week, fruit consumed and vegetable consumed in the past 24 h. Associations were considered statistically significant if MR-IVW and MR-PRESSO p-values were smaller than 0.05/5 = 0.01, MR-Egger and MR-weighted median effect estimates were in the same direction and the MR-Egger intercept was not significant (p > 0.05).