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. 2024 Mar 5;7(2):121–136. doi: 10.1007/s42242-023-00265-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A novel biomaterial ink system engineered from the combination of nanoclay disks, alginate and a novel demineralized and decellularized ECM from human bone (a). The nanocomposite ink rheological properties (b) were investigated, along with the ability of the nanocomposite ink to be printed with increased resolution in three dimensions. The inclusion of HBMSCs allowed analysis of viability and differentiation over 21 days, as well as evaluation and demonstration of 3D functionality in a CAM model (c). ECM: extracellular matrix; HBMSCs: human bone marrow stromal cells; 3D: three-dimensional; CAM: chick chorioallantoic membrane