Fig. 5.

HBMSC viability and proliferation post-printing. Live/dead assay was performed on 3D-printed a–c AB and d–f LAB scaffolds at Days 1, 7, and 21. g Cell viability and h density quantification following ImageJ analysis. j–m ALP staining of 3D bioprinted scaffolds following cultivation in basal (AB, j; LAB, l) and osteogenic (AB, k; LAB, m) media conditioning complete with acellular control (insets). n ALP intensity and o area coverage percentage. Scale bars: a–f 100 µm, j–m 50 µm (samples), 250 µm (acellular controls). Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation, n=3, ^∗∗∗∗p<0.0001. HBMSC: human bone marrow stromal cell; AB: alginate-bone-ECM; LAB: Laponite-alginate-bone-ECM; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ANOVA: analysis of variance; O: osteogenic; B: basal