Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2024 Mar 13;15:2254. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46490-7

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — Primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to the indicated SARS-CoV-2 variants. a Viral RNA release from the apical side of hNECs was measured by RT-qPCR every day up to 4 days p.i. Replication kinetics of each variant from one representative experiment are represented. b Comparison of viral RNA release at day 1 pi with the indicated variants. c Infectious viral titers in supernatants from the apical side were quantified with S-Fuse cells at day 2 p.i. b,c. Data are mean ± s.d. of 4 (D614G, Delta), 5 (BA.1, BQ1.1, XBB.1, EG.5.1.3, BA.2.86.1) or 6 (BA.5, XBB.1.5) independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons to compare Delta with respective variants were conducted. c D614G vs. BQ.1.1, p-value = 0.0032; D614G vs. XBB.1, p-value = 0.0116; D614G vs. EG.5.1.3, p-value = 0.0057. d Immunofluorescence of hNECs stained for tubulin (cyan), actin (yellow), SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (green) and cleaved caspase-3 (red). Shown is one representative field (150 × 150 mm) of each variant. Images are from one representative experiment out of 2. Scale bar = 20 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.