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. 2024 Mar 13;14:6097. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55646-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Paradigm and stimuli. (A, B) Schematic representation of a trial in the adapt low (A) and adapt high (B) conditions. After the test stimulus presentation participants simply maintained gaze on the fixation point for another 2.5 s (pupillometry experiment) or verbally estimated the numerosity of the test stimulus (psychophysical experiment) before the following trial was presented. (C) Time courses of pupil size in response to the adapter and test stimuli during and after adaptation to high (160 dots, red curves) and low (10 dots, blue curves) numerosities. The vertical dashed lines and the gray shaded area on the abscissa define the onset and offset of the adapting and test stimulus. Thick lines show the pupil constriction averaged across participants and across test numerosities; the shaded area represents the SEM.