Table 1.
Baseline characteristics* of adults aged ≥20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 by mortality status after an average 4.8-year follow-up period
| Deceased (n=665) |
Survivors (n=9870) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Percent or mean | (95% CI) | Percent or mean | (95% CI) | p Value† | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | |||||
| 20–39 | 3274 | 5.9 | (3.2 to 10.5) | 40.2 | (38.5 to 41.9) | |
| 40–59 | 3342 | 21.5 | (17.4 to 26.2) | 39.4 | (38.1 to 40.8) | |
| ≥60 | 3919 | 72.7 | (67.0 to 77.7) | 20.3 | (19.2 to 21.5) | |
| Sex | 0.007 | |||||
| Men | 5431 | 57.6 | (53.0 to 62.0) | 50.1 | (49.2 to 51.1) | |
| Women | 5104 | 42.4 | (38.0 to 47.0) | 49.9 | (48.9 to 50.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5454 | 78.3 | (73.1 to 82.7) | 73.3 | (69.8 to 76.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1901 | 11.4 | (8.7 to 14.8) | 9.7 | (8.0 to 11.8) | |
| Mexican American | 2408 | 3.9 | (2.3 to 6.4) | 7.1 | (5.5 to 9.2) | |
| Other | 772 | 6.4 | (3.7 to 10.9) | 9.9 | (7.7 to 12.5) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||||
| <High school diploma | 3353 | 37.3 | (33.1 to 41.5) | 18.6 | (17.3 to 20.0) | |
| High school graduate | 2516 | 27.4 | (23.5 to 31.8) | 26.2 | (24.6 to 27.9) | |
| >High school diploma | 4666 | 35.3 | (30.8 to 40.1) | 55.2 | (52.9 to 57.4) | |
| Health-related lifestyle factor | ||||||
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||||
| Inactive | 4604 | 63.9 | (58.9 to 68.7) | 34.2 | (32.5 to 36.0) | |
| Insufficiently active | 2254 | 15.2 | (11.9 to 19.3) | 24.1 | (22.9 to 25.2) | |
| Physically active | 3677 | 20.8 | (17.0 to 25.3) | 41.7 | (39.5 to 43.9) | |
| Muscle-strengthening activity | 0.001 | |||||
| <2 times/week | 8674 | 89.5 | (84.4 to 93.0) | 79.3 | (77.7 to 80.9) | |
| ≥2 times/week | 1861 | 10.5 | (7.0 to 15.6) | 20.7 | (19.1 to 22.3) | |
| Current smoking | 2365 | 26.6 | (21.2 to 32.7) | 25.0 | (23.5 to 26.6) | 0.610 |
| Former smoking | 2891 | 39.6 | (35.1 to 44.3) | 24.4 | (23.0 to 25.9) | <0.001 |
| Heavy drinking | 737 | 8.6 | (5.4 to 13.3) | 8.3 | (7.4 to 9.3) | 0.898 |
| Clinical biomarker | ||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)‡ | 10 535 | 27.7 | (27.0 to 28.3) | 28.1 | (27.9 to 28.4) | 0.196 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 10 535 | 209.0 | (204.2 to 213.7) | 202.6 | (201.3 to 203.9) | 0.014 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 10 535 | 52.1 | (50.0 to 54.2) | 51.8 | (51.2 to 52.4) | 0.768 |
| C reactive protein (mg/dL)‡ | 10 535 | 0.71 | (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.40 | (0.38 to 0.42) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)‡ | 10 535 | 76.7 | (73.6 to 79.9) | 98.6 | (97.7 to 99.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic condition | ||||||
| Hypertension | 4019 | 68.3 | (62.6 to 73.4) | 28.4 | (26.8 to 30.0) | <0.001 |
| Prehypertension | 2964 | 17.1 | (13.6 to 21.2) | 31.0 | (29.8 to 32.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1346 | 22.5 | (19.4 to 26.0) | 8.0 | (7.2 to 8.9) | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes | 1600 | 23.8 | (19.5 to 28.6) | 11.0 | (10.0 to 12.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1144 | 33.0 | (28.9 to 37.5) | 6.9 | (6.1 to 7.8) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 489 | 6.4 | (4.2 to 9.5) | 5.0 | (4.3 to 5.7) | 0.278 |
| Arthritis | 2801 | 46.7 | (41.1 to 52.4) | 21.4 | (20.1 to 22.7) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 960 | 25.9 | (21.7 to 30.6) | 7.4 | (6.8 to 8.1) | <0.001 |
| Disability | 2824 | 54.2 | (50.2 to 58.1) | 21.4 | (20.0 to 23.0) | <0.001 |
*
Weighed percentage (%) with 95% CI unless otherwise indicated.
†
χ2 test.
‡
Weighted mean with 95% CI.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.