Table 1.

Major genetic determinants of PD

Genes	Inheritance	Prevalence	Phenotype	Lewy bodies
GBA1	Risk factor/AD	5–15% of all PD (up to 20% in Ashkenazi Jews)	Early and late onset PD. Increased risk of dementia and dysautonomia	+
LRRK2	Risk factor/AD	1–5% of all PD (up to 15% in Ashkenazi Jews and 40% in North African Berbers)	Late onset typical	±
SNCA	AD	Rare	Early and late onset	+
VPS35	AD	Extremely rare	Late onset typical	?
PRKN	AR	~10% of early-onset PD	Early onset typical	−
PINK1	AR	~5 of early-onset PD	Early onset typical	±
PARK7 (DJ-1)	AR	Rare	Early onset atypical	+
VPS13C	AR	Extremely rare	Early onset atypical	+

‘Rare’ means <1% of all PD patients, ‘Extremely rare’ means <0.1% of all PD patients, early-onset PD = onset <50 years of age, late-onset >50 years of age.