Fig. 3.

Non-linear association between metabolic syndrome components and all-cause dementia risk. Restricted cubic spline models, with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, were employed. Reference levels (HR fixed at 1.0) for each plot: A BMI: 27.42 kg/m²; B cholesterol: 5.69 mmol/L; C HDL: 1.45 mmol/L; D LDL: 3.56 mmol/L; E glucose: 5.12 mmol/L; F HbA1c: 36.08 mmol/L; G SBP: 139.6 mm Hg; H DBP: 82.25 mm Hg; I WC: 90.27 cm; J TG: 1.74 mmol/L Adjustments were made for age, gender, and UK Biobank assessment centers. Additional adjustments included race, index of multiple deprivation, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, portions of fruit and vegetable intake, regular medications (multivitamin use, mineral supplement, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aspirin), and history of dementia