Table 3.
Risk of dementia according to each component of metabolic syndrome
| Variable | All-cause dementia | Alzheimer’s disease | Vascular dementia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Central obesity | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.15 (1.10–1.21)* | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.00 (0.96–1.06) | 1.00 (0.92–1.07) | 0.91 (0.85–0.99) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 1.44 (1.30–1.60)* | 1.25 (1.13–1.39)* | 1.18 (1.06–1.31)* |
| Dyslipidemia for HDL cholesterol | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.29 (1.22–1.37)* | 1.11 (1.04–1.18)* | 1.07 (1.01–1.14)* | 1.19 (1.08–1.30)* | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1.62 (1.43–1.82)* | 1.33 (1.17–1.51)* | 1.24 (1.09–1.41)* |
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.13 (1.05–1.21)* | 1.12 (1.04–1.2)* | 1.09 (1.02–1.17)* | 1.16 (1.04–1.29)* | 1.16 (1.03–1.29)* | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* | 1.44 (1.22–1.70)* | 1.42 (1.20–1.68)* | 1.33 (1.12–1.58)* |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.59 (1.50–1.68)* | 1.48 (1.40–1.57)* | 1.4 (1.35–1.51)* | 1.38 (1.26–1.50)* | 1.30 (1.19–1.42)* | 1.27 (1.16–1.39)* | 2.26 (2.02–2.52)* | 2.03 (1.81–2.27)* | 1.85 (1.65–2.07)* |
| Dyslipidemia for triglycerides | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.20 (1.14–1.27)* | 1.12 (1.06–1.18)* | 1.05 (1.00–1.11)* | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)* | 1.09 (1.01–1.19)* | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.65 (1.47–1.86)* | 1.51 (1.34–1.70)* | 1.33 (1.17–1.50)* |
| Number of MetS components | |||||||||
| 0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)* | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)* | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)* | 1.23 (1.02–1.46)* | 1.23 (1.02–1.47)* | 1.23 (1.03–1.47)* | 1.50 (1.10–2.04)* | 1.49 (1.09–2.04)* | 1.48 (1.08–2.02)* |
| 2 | 1.23 (1.09–1.38)* | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)* | 1.16 (1.03–1.30)* | 1.19 (1.00–1.42)* | 1.17 (0.98–1.41) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.73 (1.27–2.34)* | 1.66 (1.22–2.26)* | 1.55 (1.14–2.11)* |
| 3 | 1.40 (1.25–1.58)* | 1.27 (1.13–1.43)* | 1.20 (1.07–1.36)* | 1.36 (1.13–1.62)* | 1.26 (1.05–1.51)* | 1.22 (1.01–1.47)* | 2.22 (1.63–3.01)* | 1.96 (1.43–2.67)* | 1.73 (1.27–2.37)* |
| 4 | 1.66 (1.46–1.88)* | 1.42 (1.25–1.61)* | 1.32 (1.16–1.50)* | 1.43 (1.18–1.74)* | 1.27 1.04–1.55)* | 1.22 (1.00–1.49)* | 3.02 (2.20–4.13)* | 2.52 (1.83–3.46)* | 2.14 (1.55–2.96)* |
| 5 | 2.49 (2.15–2.88)* | 1.95 (1.68–2.26)* | 1.76 (1.51–2.04)* | 1.97 (1.56–2.48)* | 1.63 (1.28–2.06)* | 1.53 (1.20–1.94)* | 6.28 (4.51–8.74)* | 4.67 (3.33–6.56)* | 3.72 (2.64–5.24)* |
| p trend <0.001 | p trend <0.001 | p trend <0.001 | p trend <0.001 | p trend =0.002 | p trend =0.029 | p trend <0.001 | p trend <0.001 | p trend <0.001 | |
Model 1, stratified by age, gender, and UK Biobank assessment center
Model 2, additionally adjusted for race (white or other), index of multiple deprivation (a measure of socioeconomic status), smoking status (never smoked, previous smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption (never or special occasions only, one to three times a month, one to four times a week, daily or almost daily), physical activity (high, low, moderate or unknown/missing), portions of fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions per day, ≥ 5 portions per day, or unknown/missing)
Model 3, fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for regular medications [multivitamin use (yes or no), mineral supplement (yes or no), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), aspirin (yes or no)], and history of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia (yes or no)
*P-value < 0.05