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. 2024 Mar 13;22:115. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03302-5

Table 4.

Risk of dementia with the joint effect of serum uric acid and metabolic syndrome

All-cause dementia Alzheimer’s disease Vascular dementia
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Uric acid ≤ 400
 Non-MetS Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 MetS 1.22  (1.15–1.29)* 1.07  (1.01–1.14)* 1.03  (0.97–1.10) 1.09  (1.00–1.20) 0.99  (0.90–1.08) 0.96  (0.88–1.06) 1.57  (1.39–1.77)* 1.34  (1.18–1.52)* 1.23  (1.08–1.40)*
Uric acid > 400
 Non-MetS Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 MetsS 1.35  (1.21–1.49)* 1.23  (1.11–1.37)* 1.17  (1.05–1.30)* 1.16  (0.98–1.37) 1.09  (0.92–1.30) 1.07  (0.89–1.27) 1.77  (1.45–2.16)* 1.56  (1.27–1.92)* 1.39  (1.13–1.71)*
Joint effect of MetS and uric acid
 Non-MetS SUA ≤ 400 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Non-MetS SUA > 400 0.96 (0.89–1.04) 0.95 (0.87–1.03) 0.95 (0.87–1.02) 0.94  (0.83–1.06) 0.94  (0.83–1.06) 0.94  (0.83–1.06) 1.11  (0.94–1.31) 1.09  (0.92–1.28) 1.08  (0.91–1.27)
 MetS SUA ≤ 400 1.22  (1.15–1.29)* 1.07  (1.01–1.14)* 1.03  (0.97–1.10) 1.09  (1.00–1.20)* 0.99  (0.90–1.08) 0.96  (0.88–1.06) 1.57  (1.39–1.77)* 1.34  (1.18–1.52)* 1.23  (1.08–1.40)*
 MetS SUA > 400 1.29  (1.19–1.41)* 1.17  (1.07–1.27)* 1.11  (1.02–1.21)* 1.10  (0.96–1.26) 1.02  (0.88–1.17) 0.98  (0.85–1.13) 1.94  (1.66–2.28)* 1.69  (1.44–1.99)* 1.50  (1.28–1.77)*

*P-value < 0.05

Model 1, stratified by age, gender, and UK Biobank assessment center

Model 2, additionally adjusted for race (white or other), index of multiple deprivation (a measure of socioeconomic status), smoking status (never smoked, previous smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption (never or special occasions only, one to three times a month, one to four times a week, daily or almost daily), physical activity (high, low, moderate or unknown/missing), portions of fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions per day, ≥ 5 portions per day, or unknown/missing) and fish intake (< 3 times per week, ≥ 3 times per week)

Model 3, fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for regular medications [multivitamin use (yes or no), mineral supplement (yes or no), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), aspirin (yes or no)], and history of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia (yes or no)