Table 1.
Health determinants and their impact on DALYs, YLL, and YLD worldwide (2000–18)
| Linear regression |
Log-Log linear regression |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variables
|
β (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
β (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
| DALYs |
|
|
|
|
|
Current health expenditure
|
1.67 (1.04, 2.31) |
<0.001 |
−0.01(−0.02, 0.01) |
0.326 |
|
Gross domestic product
|
0.08 (0.02, 0.15) |
0.012 |
−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) |
0.003 |
|
Education index
|
−21 673.98 (−29640, −13708) |
<0.001 |
−0.19 (−0.23, −0.15) |
<0.001 |
|
Unemployment
|
127.75 (44.50, 211.00) |
0.003 |
−0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) |
0.657 |
|
Injuries prevalence
|
0.28 (0.15, 0.41) |
<0.001 |
0.23 (0.18, 0.28) |
<0.001 |
|
Urbanisation
|
−183.05 (−262.58, −103.53) |
<0.001 |
−0.21 (−0.26, −0.15) |
<0.001 |
|
Air pollution
|
332.38 (246.58, 418.18) |
<0.001 |
0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
0.015 |
|
Basic drinking-water services
|
−200.78 (−265.21, −136.36) |
<0.001 |
−0.15 (−0.19, −0.11) |
<0.001 |
|
Alcohol use
|
652.58 (355.46, 949.71) |
<0.001 |
−0.003 (−0.01, 0.1) |
0.585 |
|
Drug use
|
11 107.86 (4056.5, 18159.22) |
0.002 |
0.08 (0.06, 0.11) |
<0.001 |
|
Smoking
|
−399.65 (−670.50, −128.81) |
0.004 |
−0.07 (−0.11, −0.03) |
<0.001 |
|
Prevalence of obesity
|
1016.82 (833.75, 1199.88) |
<0.001 |
−0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) |
0.019 |
|
Sexually transmitted infections
|
1.59 (1.40, 1.77) |
<0.001 |
0.43 (0.37, 0.49) |
<0.001 |
|
Year
|
−867.57 (−967.11, −768.03) |
<0.001 |
−0.008 (−0.009, −0.007) |
<0.001 |
| YLL |
|
|
|
|
|
Current health expenditure
|
1.60 (0.97, 2.23) |
<0.001 |
−0.02 (−0.03, 0.00) |
0.055 |
|
Gross domestic product
|
0.084 (0.02, 0.15) |
0.011 |
−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) |
0.003 |
|
Education index
|
−21 232.70 (−29 086, −13 379) |
<0.001 |
−0.16 (−0.21, −0.11) |
<0.001 |
|
Unemployment
|
129.24 (47.10, 211.39 |
0.002 |
−0.01 (−0.02, −0.00) |
0.008 |
|
Injuries prevalence
|
0.26 (0.13, 0.39) |
<0.001 |
0.34 (0.28, 0.41) |
<0.001 |
|
Urbanisation
|
−175.39 (−256.13, −100.64) |
<0.001 |
−0.26 (−0.33, −0.19) |
<0.001 |
|
Air pollution
|
313.60 (229.30, 397.91) |
<0.001 |
0.06 (0.03, 0.09) |
<0.001 |
|
Basic drinking-water services
|
−198.41 (−261.94, −134.87) |
<0.001 |
−0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) |
0.001 |
|
Alcohol use
|
622.53 (330.92, 914.15) |
<0.001 |
−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01) |
0.503 |
|
Drug use
|
10 868.89 (3923.08, 17814.7) |
0.002 |
0.07 (0.03, 0.10) |
<0.001 |
|
Smoking
|
−396.01 (−662.20, −129.83) |
0.004 |
−0.06 (−0.11, −0.01) |
0.021 |
|
Prevalence of obesity
|
951.60 (772.46, 1130.74) |
<0.001 |
−0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) |
0.782 |
|
Sexually transmitted infections
|
1.51 (1.33, 1.69) |
<0.001 |
0.61 (0.53, 0.69) |
<0.001 |
|
Year
|
−831.60 (−929.07, −734.11) |
<0.001 |
−0.015 (−0.02, −0.01) |
<0.001 |
| YLD |
|
|
|
|
|
Current health expenditure
|
0.06 (0.04, 0.8) |
<0.001 |
−0.002 (−0.01, 0.00) |
0.095 |
|
Education index
|
−540.97 (−810.88, −271.06) |
<0.001 |
−0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) |
<0.001 |
|
Injuries prevalence
|
0.03 (0.03, 0.04) |
<0.001 |
0.10 (0.08, 0.11) |
<0.001 |
|
Urbanisation
|
−8.71 (−11.98, −5.45) |
<0.001 |
−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) |
0.004 |
|
Air pollution
|
8.63 (5.48, 11.78) |
<0.001 |
−0.003 (−0.01, 0.00) |
0.252 |
|
Basic drinking-water services
|
−4.99 (−7.25, −2.74) |
<0.001 |
−0.03 (−0.04, −0.02) |
<0.001 |
|
Drug use
|
878.13 (620.25, 1136) |
<0.001 |
0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
<0.001 |
|
Prevalence of obesity
|
59.90 (52.85, 66.94) |
<0.001 |
−0.04 (−0.5, −0.03) |
<0.001 |
|
Sexually transmitted infections
|
0.07 (0.06, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
0.09 (0.07, 0.011) |
<0.001 |
| Year | −29.77 (−33.53, −26.02) | <0.001 | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) | <0.001 |
β – regression coefficient, CI – confidence interval, DALYs – disability-adjusted life years, YLD – years lived with disability, YLL – years of life lost