Table 2.

Health determinants and their impact on DALYs, YLL, and YLD across WHO regions (2000–18)

	African		Americas		Eastern Mediterranean		Europe		South-East Asia		Western Pacific
Variables	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value
DALYs
Current health expenditure	−0.03	0.021	−0.04	0.257	−0.12	0.001	−0.21	<0.001	−0.04	0.197	−0.19	<0.001
Gross domestic product	−0.06	<0.001	−0.04	0.409	0.07	0.006	0.10	<0.001	−0.11	0.01	−0.25	<0.001
Education index	−0.38	<0.001	−0.83	<0.001	−0.32	<0.001	−0.19	<0.001	−0.26	<0.001	−0.90	<0.001
Unemployment	−0.03	0.002	0.001	0.979	0.02	0.116	−0.034	<0.001	0.02	0.363	0.01	0.224
Injuries prevalence	−0.11	<0.001	−0.13	0.040	0.21	<0.001	0.10	<0.001	0.65	<0.001	0.42	<0.001
Urbanization	−0.07	<0.001	−0.10	0.005	−0.34	<0.001	0.06	0.047	0.15	<0.001	0.47	<0.001
Air pollution	0.14	<0.001	−0.04	0.258	0.15	<0.001	0.07	<0.001	0.29	<0.001	−0.10	<0.001
Basic drinking-water services	−0.20	<0.001	−0.60	<0.001	0.31	<0.001	−0.34	<0.001	−0.19	0.03	0.08	0.112
Alcohol use	0.05	<0.001	0.20	<0.001	0.07	<0.001	0.05	<0.001	−0.04	0.153	−0.07	<0.001
Drug use	−0.01	0.598	0.05	0.036	0.02	0.142	0.01	0.393	−0.41	<0.001	−0.26	<0.001
Smoking	0.03	0.073	−0.03	0.274	−0.22	<0.001	−0.16	<0.001	−0.15	<0.001	0.28	<0.001
Prevalence of obesity	0.40	<0.001	0.21	0.002	0.02	0.553	0.06	0.079	0.92	<0.001	0.10	<0.001
Sexually transmitted infections	0.75	<0.001	0.16	0.032	0.01	0.828	0.37	<0.001	−0.08	0.161	0.26	<0.001
Year	−0.03	<0.001	−0.002	0.565	−0.01	<0.001	−0.001	0.317	−0.06	<0.001	0.01	<0.001
YLL
Current health expenditure	−0.04	0.012	−0.13	0.017	−0.18	<0.001	−0.36	<0.001	−0.05	0.210	−0.35	<0.001
Gross domestic product	−0.06	0.001	−0.02	0.751	0.13	0.001	0.18	<0.001	−0.14	0.019	−0.31	<0.001
Education index	−0.45	<0.001	−0.90	<0.001	−0.46	<0.001	−0.29	0.001	−0.35	<0.001	−0.88	<0.001
Unemployment	−0.03	0.001	−0.01	0.648	0.03	0.09	−0.05	<0.001	0.04	0.086	0.01	0.515
Injuries prevalence	−0.14	<0.001	−0.13	0.131	0.29	<0.001	0.19	<0.001	0.92	<0.001	0.56	<0.001
Urbanisation	−0.09	<0.001	−0.10	0.047	−0.59	<0.001	0.004	0.933	0.17	<0.001	0.64	<0.001
Air pollution	0.23	<0.001	−0.10	0.066	0.15	0.015	0.12	<0.001	0.48	<0.001	−0.10	<0.001
Basic drinking-water services	−0.24	<0.001	−0.70	0.003	0.49	<0.001	−0.35	0.006	−0.17	0.168	0.12	0.104
Alcohol use	0.06	<0.001	0.28	<0.001	0.11	<0.001	0.09	<0.001	−0.06	0.081	−0.17	<0.001
Drug use	−0.02	0.535	0.03	0.378	−0.002	0.937	−0.03	0.051	−0.56	<0.001	−0.34	<0.001
Smoking	0.03	0.075	−0.05	0.146	−0.33	<0.001	−0.21	<0.001	−0.14	0.017	0.50	<0.001
Prevalence of obesity	0.48	<0.001	0.26	0.005	0.04	0.37	0.17	0.001	0.94	<0.001	0.12	<0.001
Sexually transmitted infections	0.90	<0.001	0.31	0.003	0.06	0.424	0.68	<0.001	−0.04	0.579	0.25	<0.001
Year	−0.03	<0.001	−0.002	0.610	−0.01	<0.001	−0.003	0.827	−0.08	<0.001	0.02	<0.001
YLD
Current health expenditure	−0.01	0.001	0.03	<0.001	−0.02	<0.001	0.01	<0.001	0.04	<0.001	−0.04	<0.001
Education index	−0.03	<0.001	−0.13	<0.001	0.02	0.161	0.003	0.827	−0.03	0.014	−0.05	0.015
Injuries prevalence	0.07	<0.001	0.01	0.295	0.08	<0.001	−0.01	0.172	0.24	<0.001	0.12	<0.001
Urbanisation	0.02	<0.001	−0.08	<0.001	−0.02	0.006	−0.01	0.120	0.05	<0.001	0.02	0.011
Air pollution	0.01	0.266	0.04	<0.001	0.07	<0.001	−0.003	0.275	0.10	<0.001	−0.04	<0.001
Basic drinking-water services	−0.02	0.029	−0.16	<0.001	−0.08	<0.001	−0.000	0.987	−0.09	<0.001	−0.09	<0.001
Drug use	0.04	<0.001	0.09	<0.001	0.06	<0.001	0.04	<0.001	−0.09	<0.001	0.04	<0.001
Prevalence of obesity	0.01	0.228	0.09	<0.001	0.01	0.075	0.01	0.221	0.14	<0.001	0.02	<0.001
Sexually transmitted infections	0.18	<0.001	0.05	<0.001	−0.01	0.236	−0.05	<0.001	−0.18	<0.001	0.14	<0.001
Year	−0.002	<0.001	−0.001	<0.001	0.000	0.144	−0.003	<0.001	−0.01	<0.001	0.001	0.004

β – regression coefficient, DALYs – disability-adjusted life years, WHO – World Health Organization, YLD – years lived with disability, YLL – years of life lost