TABLE 1.

Sociodemographic, substance use disorder, and mental health characteristics of low-income adults (N59,910) with a history of past-year criminal legal involvement, by Medicaid expansion status (2010–2017)^a

Characteristic	Medicaid expansion nonexpansion states (N=6,043)		Medicaid states (N=3,867)
	Weighted %	95% CI	Weighted %	95% CI
Age (years, M±SD)	34.1±9.8		34.4±9.9
Female gender	33	31–36	36	34–39
Race-ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	47	45–50	47	44–50
Non-Hispanic Black	23	21–25	30	28–33
Hispanic	23	21–25	19	17–21
Other	7	6–8	5	4–6
Urban or ruralb
Large or small urban	84	82–85	75	73–78
Rural	16	15–18	25	22–27
Employment
Unemployed	20	18–21	20	18–22
Part-time	15	14–17	15	14–17
Full-time	29	27–32	34	31–36
Not in labor force	36	34–38	32	29–34
Past-year substance use disorder (any)c	34	32–36	29	26–31
Heroin use	4	3–5	2	1–2
Alcohol use	26	24–27	22	21–24
Cocaine use	4	3–5	4	3–5
Cannabis use	10	9–12	8	7–10
Any other mental illnessd	38	36–40	38	34–39

^aSource: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Expansion states are those that expanded Medicaid enrollment by 2017 (AK, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, HI, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MN, ND, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, VT, WA, and WV).

^bDetermined via county-level rural-urban continuum codes developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

^cIncludes past-year heroin, alcohol, cocaine, or cannabis use disorder; because of changes in NSDUH methodology starting in 2015, other substance use disorders could not be accurately tracked across all the years of this study.

^dSelf-report of symptoms via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule.