Figure 2. Heatmap of the association between baseline plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) synaptic protein levels and clinical assessment parameters at follow-up in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwP).

The logistic regression model was used to assess the baseline plasma EV SNAP-25, GAP-43, and synaptotagmin-1 levels. The motor symptoms were assessed based on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-II and UPDRS-III scores and tremor, akinetic rigidity (AR), and postural instability and gait disturbance (PIGD) subscores, and cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. The association is presented using standardized β values. Detailed results of the regression model are provided in Supplementary file 1. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.