Table 2.
Associations between geographic access to MMJ dispensaries in Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA)1 and proportion of certified adults in Pennsylvania2
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident rate ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Model 1: unadjusted associations. Distance and density modeled separately2 | ||||
| Distance to nearest dispensary (miles) | ||||
| ≤5 | 1.45 (1.37, 1.55) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) |
| >5 to ≤10 | 1.43 (1.36, 1.52) | 1.23 (1.16, 1.30) | 1.21 (1.16, 1.27) | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) |
| >10 (reference) | ||||
| Density w/in 15 min | ||||
| 0 (reference) | ||||
| 1 | 1.35 (1.27, 1.44) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) |
| ≥2 | 1.31 (1.22, 1.41) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
| Model 2: adjusted for median income (quartiled). Distance and density modeled separately2 | ||||
| Distance to nearest dispensary | ||||
| ≤5 | 1.39 (1.30, 1.48) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) |
| >5 to ≤10 | 1.32 (1.25, 1.41) | 1.16 (1.10, 1.22) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) |
| >10 (reference) | ||||
| Density w/in 15 min | ||||
| 0 (reference) | ||||
| 1 | 1.29 (1.21, 1.37) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) |
| ≥2 | 1.24 (1.16, 1.33) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) |
| Model 3: adjusted for race and ethnicity (quartiled). Distance and density modeled separately2,3 | ||||
| Distance to nearest dispensary | ||||
| ≤5 | 1.48 (1.38, 1.59) | 1.21 (1.13, 1.29) | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.31) |
| >5 to ≤10 | 1.42 (1.34, 1.50) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 1.26 (1.20, 1.31) | 1.21 (1.16, 1.26) |
| >10 (reference) | ||||
| Density w/in 15 min | ||||
| 0 (reference) | ||||
| 1 | 1.33 (1.25, 1.42) | 1.20 (1.13, 1.27) | 1.23 (1.16, 1.30) | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) |
| ≥2 | 1.31 (1.21, 1.42) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.24) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23) |
11608 ZCTAs with at least 100 adult residents in every year from 2018 to 2021.
2Negative binomial models separate for each outcome and year that used count variables (i.e., number of certifications) as the outcomes and log-transformed denominators (i.e., population) as offset terms.
3Adjusted for proportion non-White and proportion Hispanic.