Table 3. Enhancing online teaching.

Effective	Strategies to enhance student engagement
Recorded lectures Live lectures Tutorials Flipped classroom Case based scenarios Problem based learning Team based learning Roleplays Communication Skills Video vignettes Simulated patients via video	Use of chat feature can enable students to ask questions - for large groups, a facilitator (i.e. staff or peer student) can help monitor the questions and responses. Polls can help teachers and students gauge understanding. Use short small group sessions with online video can enhance interaction Consistent grouping of students can help group dynamics and cohesion: to this end, organising breakout rooms and the role of digital moderator (ie student representatives or junior staff) can be very useful to help peer-to-peer interaction during online lteaching sessions A consistent tutor can further gauge student’s progress and offer feedback. Virtual clinics using constructed cases and multimodal tasks can help students to contextualise cases seen e.g. photograph of clinic, patient or clinical signs, excerpts from clinical notes, roleplay, data interpretation etc. Many universities have simulated patient programmes and activities. History taking skills can be developed in novice learners through the inclusion of simulated patient in tutorials. Plan content with the view to share recorded sessions of different teachers and cases between different groups to enhance learning. For roleplays in communication skills, assign alternating roles in advance and email corresponding scripts for preparation. Use of material on the internet e.g. videos on physical examination, patient stories and clinical case based teaching can augment the learning experience. Student presentations and demonstrations can help assess understanding in clinical procedures and assessment.
Limited effectiveness Clinical procedures Physical examinations Clinical assessment Community activities Service learning