TABLE II.
Effects of SMFs combined with MNPs on bone regeneration. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF); bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); polycaprolactone (PCL); polyethylene glycol (PEG); hydroxyapatite (HA); tricalcium phosphate (TCP); and N/A, not available.
| Cell models | Nanoparticles | Magnetic flux density | Magnetic field direction | Exposure time | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoblasts | MNP-added PCL nanocomposite scaffolds | 15 mT | Upward | 5 and 10 days | Promoted osteoblast differentiation and bone formation | 35 |
| Human SVF cells | Addition of MNPs to PEG | 50 mT | 21 days | Stimulated the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of engineered bone tissue grafts | 36 | |
| Human BMSCs | Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 100 mT | Parallel | 24 h | Triggered exosomes to exert enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis | 38 |
| Human MSCs | HA-magnetite (Fe3O4) | 30 min every other day, 28 days, | Led to early cell differentiation and promoting their osteogenic formation | 37 | ||
| Rat MSCs | TCP | 7 T | N/A | 3 h/day, 6 days | No reproducible effects on gene expression, protein expression or histology of TCP/P-1 and P-2 MSCs | 39 |