TABLE III.

Promotional effects of SMFs on wound healing. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); and N/A, not available.

	Objects	Magnetic flux density	Magnetic field direction	Exposure time	Effects	References
In vitro	Human BMSCs	100 mT	Upward	24 h	Combined MNPs enhanced wound healing by improving angiogenesis and fibroblast function	45
	HUVECs	N/A	N/A	7 days	In combination with magnetically responsive hydrogels markedly promoted cell proliferation	46
	NIH 3T3
In vivo	Humans			1 month	The patient's abdominal wound that existed for one year healed completely after one month of applying magnet therapy	44
	Rats	2.3 mT		15.3 ± 2.8 days	Accelerated wound healing	43
		80 mT		14 days	Combined magnetic responsive multifunctional hydrogel accelerated wound healing	46
		160 mT	Upward and downward	15 days	Accelerated the speed of tissue repair	47
		180 mT	Upward	19 days	Speeded up diabetic wound repair	40
		230 mT	Downward	21 days	Promoted the wound healing	41
	Mice	∼15 mT	Upward and downward	3 weeks	Increased the wound area closure rate	48
		600 mT	Alternating magnetic poles	3, 7, and 14 days	Promoted wound healing, facilitated resolution of inflammation	42