TABLE IV.

Effects of SMFs on nerve cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs); olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs); neural progenitor cells (NPCs); and N/A, not available.

Objects		Magnetic flux density	Magnetic field direction	Exposure time	Effects	References
Humans	Satellite cells	80 mT	Upward	21 days	Increased gene expression of DES, MYF5, MYOD1, MYOG, MYH and ACTA1 as well as enhanced IGF1-induced increase of satellite cell proliferation	56
					No effect on myogenic maturation	57
	Neuronal cells FNC-B4		N/A	120 min	Promoted neural differentiation	52
	PC12, HUVECs	200 mT	Parallel	7 days	Combined MNPs promoted the proliferation and secretion of neurotrophic factors	58
	OPCs	300 mT	Perpendicular	2 h/day, 2 weeks	Enhanced differentiation, promoted function and neurotrophic factor release	53
Rats	Whole animal	10 mT	N/A	3 weeks	Enhanced the generation of new doublecortin-expressing cells in the SVZ and neocortex	49
	OECs	30, 50, and 70 mT	Parallel or perpendicular	36 h	Influenced the division, movement, migration direction and speed of OEC, as well as the formation and rearrangement of microtubules and actin filaments for tissue regeneration	50
	NPCs	100 mT	N/A	12 days	Promoted cellular self-renewal and differentiation into neurons	51
	Schwann cells	8 T	Parallel	60 h	Induced parallel orientation of the Schwann cells along the SMF direction	55
Mice	NPCs	500 mT	N/A	7 days	Affected normal neurogenesis and promoted neurospectral differentiation as well as neuronal maturation	54