TABLE V.

Effects of SMFs on stem cells or tissues. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs); human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (hUASMCs); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs); bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); dental pulp cells (DPCs); adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs); Schmidtea mediterranea (CIW4); and N/A, not available.

Objects		Magnetic flux density	Magnetic field direction	Exposure time	Effects on cell proliferation and differentiation	Effects	References
Humans	DPSCs	1 mT	N/A	24 h	Promotion	Induction of MAPK pathway-regulated proliferation, migration, osteogenic/dental differentiation and mineralization of DPSCs	65
		1, 2, and 4 mT				Rearranged the actin filaments, effectively induced DPSCs odontogenesis	7
	hUASMCs	5 mT		48 h	Inhibition	Decreased the proliferation, migration, and adhesion potential	61
	MSCs	24 mT	Parallel	24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h	Promotion	Influenced on alignment and proliferation rate and induction of mRNA expression of Sox-2, Nanong and Oct-4 genes	72
	Adult skin fibroblasts	35–120 mT	Upward and downward	14 days	Inhibition	Reduced the initial attachment and subsequent growth	79
	WI-38
	Satellite cells	80 mT	Upward	21 days	Promotion	Increased myotube formation	62
	MG63 osteoblast-like cells	100, 250, and 400 mT		24, 48, and 72 h	Inhibition	Increased ALP activity and extracellular matrix release, inhibited cell proliferation	84
	MSCs	∼140 mT	Perpendicular	6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h	Promotion	Promoted MSCs proliferation and activates the expression of transcription factors that regulate T-type calcium channels and mediated MSCs proliferation via the MAPK signaling pathway	73
	DPSCs	400 mT	N/A	2 days		Affected the cell membrane of DPSC, activated intracellular calcium ions and increased cell proliferation	66
			Upward	20 days		Activation of p38 MAPK-related pathway enhanced DPSC migration and dentinogenesis	67
	ASCs	500 mT	N/A	7 days		Enhanced the viability and proliferation rate	6
	MSCs	600 mT		24 h	No effect	The migration capacity, viability, proliferation rate and the chondrogenic differentiation capacity were not affected	76
		1.44–1.45 T		24 h/day, 5 days/week, 3 weeks		No enhancement of cartilage formation in cellular slices	77
	CD34+	1.5, 3 T	Horizontal	72 h	Inhibition	GMF exposure did not affect cell proliferation	81
	Lung fibroblasts Hel 299	3 T	N/A	2 h	No effect	Had no effect on clonogenic capacity, proliferation or cell cycle	82
	CD34+	10 T	N/A	4 and 16 h	Promotion	Altered gene expression, enhanced MEP differentiation and/or promoted proliferation of bipotent MEP	83
Rats	Satellite cells	60, 120, 160, and 200 μT		7 days		Accelerated skeletal muscle cell development, led to multinucleated hypertrophic myotubes formation and intracellular calcium ion concentration increase	59
	BMSCs	4 mT		96 h		Exaggerated the differentiation potential of BMSCs to PGCs	69
		4, 7, and 15 mT		24, 48, 72, and 96 h	Inhibition	Cell survival and proliferation rates were reduced, and apoptosis occurred in the cells	70
		15 mT		5 h	No effect	No effect	71
	L6	∼80 mT	Upward	5 days	Promotion	Promoted myogenic differentiation and hypertrophy, and counteracted the effects of TNF on myogenesis	63
	DPCs	290 mT		9 days		Accelerated the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization	68
	ASCs	500 mT	N/A	7 days	Inhibition	Inhibition of ASCs viability, proliferation, cytokine secretion, lipogenesis and osteogenic differentiation without causing DNA damage	74
Mice	Flk-1+	<5 mT		1 h/day, 6 days	Promotion	Enhanced cardiomyogenesis	60
	Whole animal	∼100– 200 mT	Upward and downward	3 weeks	Inhibition	Inhibited DNA synthesis and regeneration in hepatocytes	80
	C2C12	200 mT	Alternating magnetic poles	48 h		Decreased the growth of cultured myoblast C2C12 cells	64
Canines and equines	AdMSCs	500 mT	Upward	24 and 168 h	Promotion	Canine AdMSCs significantly reduced proliferation rate, whereas the proliferation activity of equine AdMSCs was enhanced	75
CIW4		<1 mT	N/A	72 h		Altered stem cell-mediated growth	78