Table 2.

Studies on the relationships between PLD and neurodegenerative and neuroimmune diseases.

Study subjects	PLD subtypes	Main findings	Countries/years of publications	References
AD mouse model	PLD3	PLD3 affected axonal spheroids and network defects in AD	The USA/2022	[82]
AD mouse model	PLD3	PLD3 was associated with β-amyloid plaques and cognitive function in AD	The USA/2021	[83]
AD patients	PLD1	Elevated PLD1 in AD patients' hippocampus was relevant with synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits	The USA/2018	[58]
AD C. elegans model	PLD1	PLD functional ablation had a protective effect in an AD C. elegans model	Portugal/2018	[84]
PD cell model	PLD1	PLD1 downregulation might constitute an early mechanism in the initial stages of neurodegeneration	Spain/2018	[85]
PD patients	PLD1	PLD1 modulated α-synuclein toxicity	China/2022	[69]
PD mouse model	PLD2	The lipase activity of PLD2 was responsible for nigral neurodegeneration in a rat model of PD	Spain/2018	[85]
MS patients	PLD1	PLD1 could be used as putative biomarkers for evaluation of therapeutic responses to IFN-β in MS patients.	Iran/2017	[86]
ALS mouse model	PLD1/2	PLD1/2 inhibitor could improve ALS phenotype	The USA/2022	[73]
SCA patients	PLD3	PLD3 might be a novel gene for SCA	The USA/2017	[53]

AD, alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; IFN-β, interferon-β; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, parkinson's disease; PLD, phospholipase D; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; and the USA, the United States of America.