Table 2.

Population-level dementia risk reduction framework.

Risk factor	Fiscal interventions	Marketing/advertising interventions	Availability interventions	Legislative interventions
Tobacco Smoking	(T1) Increase excise taxes and prices on tobacco products.a	(T2) Implement plain/standardized packaging and/or large graphic health warnings on all tobacco packages.b (T3) Enact and enforce comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.b	(T4) Eliminate exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in all indoor workplaces, public places, public transport.a
Excess Alcohol	(A1) Increase excise taxes on alcoholic beverages.a (A2) Establish minimum prices for alcohol.b	(A3) Enact and enforce bans or comprehensive restrictions on exposure to alcohol advertising (across multiple types of media) - including in connection with sponsorships and activities targeting young people.a	(A4) Enact and enforce restrictions on the physical availability of retailed alcohol (via reduced hours of sale).a
Obesity	(O1) Use effective taxation measures to reduce consumption of unhealthy products such as sugar-sweetened beverages.a	(O2) Implement policies to protect children from the harmful impact of food marketing.a (O3) Introduce menu labelling in food service to promote healthy diets (e.g., reduce total energy intake (kcal) and/or intake of sugars).a	(O4) Limiting portion and package size to reduce energy intake and the risk of overweight/obesity.b (O5) Public food procurement and service policies to promote healthy diets (e.g., to reduce the intake of free sugars; and to increase the consumption of legumes, wholegrains, fruits and vegetables).b	(O6) Reformulation policies for healthier food and beverage products (e.g., reduction of free sugars).b
Physical Inactivity			(P1) Implement urban and transport planning and design, at all levels of government, to provide compact neighbourhoods providing mixed-land use and connected networks for walking and cycling and equitable access to safe, quality public open spaces that enable and promote physical activity and active mobility (including wheelchairs, scooters and skates) by people of all ages and abilities.a
Hypertension			(H1) Public food procurement and service policies to reduce the intake of sodium.a	(H2) Reformulation policies for reduction of sodium content.a
TBI				(Tr1) Mandate the use of motorcycle helmets (all aged passengers).b (Tr2) Mandate the use of bicycle helmets (children).b
Low Educational Attainment	(E1) Provide financial support (including removing school fees, conditional payments to schools, conditional cash transfers to households) for children to attend school, where financial barriers would otherwise exist.c		(E2) Provide free lunches in primary schools, where a lack of adequate food would otherwise be a barrier to school attendance.c	(E3) Raise the mandatory school leavers age in HICs.b
Air Pollution			(Ai1) Replacement and maintenance programmes providing cleaner cooking stoves for those currently using biomass fuels on traditional stoves or open fires.c	(Ai2) Urban interventions to reduce density of traffic, including: low emission zones, even-odd restrictions on cars.a (Ai3) Postponement of non-essential polluting activities on high-pollution days.a
Hearing Impairment				(He1) Worksites exceeding recognised noise thresholds should reduce noise through improving equipment where feasible, and should provide and mandate the use of adequate hearing protection, with regular monitoring.b

TBI = Traumatic brain injury. HICs = High income countries

^aSupporting evidence for this recommendation includes data from both high and low/middle income countries.

^bSupporting evidence for this recommendation includes data from high income countries only.

^cSupporting evidence for this recommendation includes data from low/middle income countries only.