Table 1:
Participant demographics and baseline characteristics by Adverse Childhood Experiences absence and presence (N = 95)
| Characteristic | ACEs absence (n = 27) | ACEs presence (n = 68) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study group, n (%) | |||
| Control | 9 (33.3%) | 39 (57.4%) | 0.059 |
| Intervention | 18 (66.7%) | 29 (42.6%) | |
| Maternal age | |||
| Mean (SD) | 32.7 (3.46) | 34.1 (5.00) | 0.109 |
| Median [min, max] | 31.9 [28.6, 40.8] | 33.7 [19.2, 45.3] | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 16.3 (3.24) | 16.1 (3.64) | 0.727 |
| Median [min, max] | 17.1 [10.3, 22.3] | 16.4 [9.86, 22.7] | |
| Maternal race, n (%) | |||
| White | 21 (77.8%) | 45 (66.2%) | 0.037 |
| Asian | 6 (22.2%) | 4 (5.9%) | |
| Black | 0 (0%) | 11 (16.2%) | |
| More than 1 race | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.4%) | |
| Native American/Alaskan Native | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.9%) | |
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.9%) | |
| Maternal ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Hispanic/Latina | 1 (3.7%) | 11 (16.2%) | 0.191 |
| Non-Hispanic | 26 (96.3%) | 57 (83.8%) | |
| Maternal education, n (%) | |||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.4%) | 0.324 |
| College degree | 7 (25.9%) | 26 (38.2%) | |
| Graduate or professional degree | 20 (74.1%) | 38 (55.9%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
| Maternal relationship status, n (%) | |||
| Married, engaged and/or living with partner | 27 (100%) | 66 (97.1%) | 0.667 |
| No romantic partner/single | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
| Romantic partner, not living together | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
| Household size | |||
| Mean (SD) | 2.74 (1.10) | 2.76 (1.20) | 0.926 |
| Median [min, max] | 2.00 [2.00, 6.00] | 2.00 [1.00, 7.00] | |
| Income-to-need ratio | |||
| Mean (SD) | 5.55 (3.23) | 5.51 (3.44) | 0.956 |
| Median [min, max] | 4.73 [1.50, 17.4] | 4.73 [0.859, 17.7] | |
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.4%) | |
| ACEs, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 2.94 (2.30) | < 0.001 |
| Median [min, max] | 0 [0, 0] | 2.00 [1.00, 11.0] | |
| BADS, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 36.7 (8.49) | 36.4 (8.31) | 0.878 |
| Median [min, max] | 36.0 [15.0, 51.0] | 36.0 [19.0, 53.0] | |
| NMR, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 110 (12.7) | 110 (13.5) | 0.977 |
| Median [min, max] | 111 [85.0, 133] | 112 [74.0, 143] | |
| PROMIS Depression, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 50.0 (7.57) | 47.7 (7.10) | 0.182 |
| Median [min, max] | 49.2 [37.1, 69.4] | 48.4 [37.1, 66.0] | |
| Missing, n (%) | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
| PSS-10, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 14.0 (6.01) | 15.0 (6.78) | 0.485 |
| Median [min, max] | 13.0 [4.00, 32.0] | 15.5 [1.00, 27.0] | |
| Missing, n (%) | 1 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| SAI, baseline | |||
| Mean (SD) | 14.2 (9.29) | 15.4 (9.78) | 0.602 |
| Median [min, max] | 12.0 [1.00, 44.0] | 15.0 [0, 45.0] | |
| Missing, n (%) | 1 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) |
Note: Income-to-needs ratio was calculated based on income reported by enrolled participants at baseline and on household size (total size and number of children in home) reported at baseline, using federal poverty guidelines.
ACE, Adverse Childhood Experience; BADS, Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale;GED, General Education Development; max, maximum; min, minimum; NMR, Negative Mood Regulation;PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SAI, State Anxiety Index; SD, standard deviation.