Table 4.
Metabolites related to BCAA metabolism and tryptophan-kynurenine- serotonin- pathways in 24-hour urine samples across 3 groups in overall cohort, normalized for urine Cr (mmol/mol Cr)
| Lean (n = 43) | Obese without T2D (n = 56) | Obese with T2D (n = 42) | P, unadjusted | P, adjusteda | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCAAs mmol/mol Cr | 9.82 ± 4.38 | 9.47 ± 3.83 | 14.07 ± 6.9 | .0005 | <.0001 |
| BCKAs mmol/mol Cr | 1.97 ± .94 | 1.92 ± 1.05 | 4.39 ± 4.05 | .0002054 | <.0001 |
| KIV mmol/mol Cr | .32 ± .15 | .35 ± .21 | .96 ± .95 | .000004572 | <.0001 |
| KMV mmol/mol Cr | 1.32 ± .69 | 1.22 ± .68 | 2.56 ± 2.15 | .0008751 | <.0001 |
| KIC mmol/mol Cr | .33 ± .13 | .35 ± .25 | .88 ± 1.08 | .00005518 | .0018 |
| Tryptophan mmol/mol Cr | 6.63 ± 3.36 | 6.53 ± 3.12 | 8.58 ± 3.48 | .004464 | .0037 |
| Kynurenine mmol/mol Cr | .32 ± .21 | .28 ± .17 | .52 ± .34 | .00008695 | <.0001 |
| Kynurenic acid mmol/mol Cr | 1.08 ± .44 | 1.13 ± .48 | 1.08 ± .46 | .794 | .9599 |
| Serotonin nmol/mmol Cr | 78.06 ± 30.63 | 81.61 ± 33.04 | 78.9 ± 25.26 | .8843 | .9714 |
| 5-HIAA mg/g Cr | 2.94 ± 1.45 | 2.75 ± 1.35 | 3.41 ± 3.55 | .5353 | .0244 |
| Kynurenine/tryptophan | .05 ± .02 | .04 ± .02 | .06 ± .03 | .0112 | .0139 |
| 5-HIAA/tryptophan | .51 ± .22 | .48 ± .19 | .44 ± .36 | .0272 | .7559 |
| 5-HIAA/kynurenine | 14.04 ± 12.84 | 13.03 ± 7.75 | 9.59 ± 9.24 | .0067 | .6504 |
| Kynurenine/serotonin | .0043 ± .0029 | .0035 ± .0018 | .0070 ± .0046 | <.0001 | .0001 |
| Serotonin/tryptophan | 13.13 ± 4.87 | 13.53 ± 4.71 | 10.84 ± 5.11 | .0036 | .0649 |
Abbreviations: BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; BCKA, branched-chain ketoacid; Cr, creatinine; KIC, α-keto-isocaproate; KIV, α-keto-valerate; KMV, α-keto-β-methylvalerate; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a Model adjusted for Tanner stage, sex, body mass index, age, self-reported race.