Table 1.
Characteristics of eligible observations presented according to the severity of albuminuria
| Variable | Category | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 186 472 | n = 107 170 | n = 34 357 | |||
| Anemia (%) | 37 305 (20.0) | 29 647 (27.7) | 14 418 (42.0) | <.001 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.8 (12.7-14.9) | 13.6 (12.3-14.8) | 13.0 (11.5-14.5) | <.001 | |
| Hemoglobin among those not treated for anemia (g/dL)a | 13.8 (12.8-14.9) | 13.6 (12.4-14.8) | 13.2 (11.7-14.6) | <.001 | |
| Age category (years) (%) | 20-49 | 15 776 (8.5) | 5318 (5.0) | 2339 (6.8) | <.001 |
| 50-64 | 49 010 (26.3) | 20 232 (18.9) | 7689 (22.4) | ||
| 65-79 | 94 959 (50.9) | 56 677 (52.9) | 16 058 (46.7) | ||
| ≥ 80 | 26 727 (14.3) | 24 943 (23.3) | 8271 (24.1) | ||
| Male | 117 682 (63.1) | 65 056 (60.7) | 22 918 (66.7) | <.001 | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 65.3 (55.3-74.8) | 59.9 (48.2-71.2) | 48.6 (34.3-63.1) | <.001 | |
| Categories for estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) (%) | 60–<90 | 119 438 (64.1) | 53 449 (49.9) | 10 290 (30.0) | <.001 |
| 45–<60 | 49 803 (26.7) | 32 899 (30.7) | 9198 (26.8) | ||
| 30–<45 | 14 700 (7.9) | 16 138 (15.1) | 8492 (24.7) | ||
| 15–<30 | 2377 (1.3) | 4201 (3.9) | 4897 (14.3) | ||
| <15 | 154 (0.1) | 483 (0.5) | 1480 (4.3) | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%, NGSP) | 7.0 (6.4-7.6) | 7.2 (6.6-7.9) | 7.2 (6.5-8.1) | <.001 | |
| Obesity (%) | 2477 (1.3) | 1679 (1.6) | 814 (2.4) | <.001 | |
| Diabetic proliferative retinopathy (%) | 1665 (0.9) | 1860 (1.7) | 1545 (4.5) | <.001 | |
| Diabetic macular edema (%) | 2318 (1.2) | 2068 (1.9) | 1349 (3.9) | <.001 | |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis (%) | 534 (0.3) | 920 (0.9) | 1263 (3.7) | <.001 | |
| Interstitial nephritis (%) | 549 (0.3) | 567 (0.5) | 366 (1.1) | <.001 | |
| Polycystic kidney disease (%) | 20 (0.0) | 81 (0.1) | 44 (0.1) | <.001 | |
| Other kidney disease (%) | 1472 (0.8) | 1269 (1.2) | 745 (2.2) | <.001 | |
| Coagulation defects (%) | 4010 (2.2) | 2380 (2.2) | 1079 (3.1) | <.001 | |
| Hypothyroidism (%) | 6306 (3.4) | 4141 (3.9) | 1612 (4.7) | <.001 | |
| Hyperthyroidism (%) | 3697 (2.0) | 2147 (2.0) | 644 (1.9) | .32 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 11 995 (6.4) | 7847 (7.3) | 2589 (7.5) | <.001 | |
| Sleep apnea syndrome (%) | 4134 (2.2) | 3140 (2.9) | 1234 (3.6) | <.001 | |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 38 396 (20.6) | 28 069 (26.2) | 10 769 (31.3) | <.001 | |
| Heart failure (%) | 28 011 (15.0) | 22 368 (20.9) | 9963 (29.0) | <.001 | |
| Stroke (%) | 37 491 (20.1) | 26 804 (25.0) | 9543 (27.8) | <.001 | |
| Alcoholic disorder (%) | 508 (0.3) | 245 (0.2) | 71 (0.2) | .016 | |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor use (%) | 26 583 (14.3) | 17 232 (16.1) | 6462 (18.8) | <.001 | |
| Biguanide use (%) | 63 874 (34.3) | 38 723 (36.1) | 9644 (28.1) | <.001 | |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use (%) | 78 378 (42.0) | 49 474 (46.2) | 15 859 (46.2) | <.001 | |
| Glinide use (%) | 16 652 (8.9) | 11 671 (10.9) | 4174 (12.1) | <.001 | |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist use (%) | 15 294 (8.2) | 12 246 (11.4) | 5496 (16.0) | <.001 | |
| Insulin use (%) | 56 299 (30.2) | 38 443 (35.9) | 15 678 (45.6) | <.001 | |
| Pioglitazone use (%) | 13 922 (7.5) | 8394 (7.8) | 2000 (5.8) | <.001 | |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor use (%) | 27 503 (14.7) | 19 086 (17.8) | 6407 (18.6) | <.001 | |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | 25 622 (13.7) | 18 465 (17.2) | 5413 (15.8) | <.001 | |
| Anti-dyslipidemia use (%) | 89 780 (48.1) | 56 694 (52.9) | 19 267 (56.1) | <.001 | |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use (%) | 8599 (4.6) | 6544 (6.1) | 2598 (7.6) | <.001 | |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker use (%) | 52 666 (28.2) | 43 126 (40.2) | 18 235 (53.1) | <.001 | |
| Beta-blocker use (%) | 21 712 (11.6) | 17 810 (16.6) | 7421 (21.6) | <.001 | |
| Calcium channel blocker use (%) | 46 395 (24.9) | 39 142 (36.5) | 17 565 (51.1) | <.001 | |
| Diuretic use (%) | 19 876 (10.7) | 16 084 (15.0) | 8797 (25.6) | <.001 | |
| Iron supplementation (%) | 731 (0.4) | 668 (0.6) | 386 (1.1) | <.001 | |
| Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor use (%) | 1 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 17 (0.0) | <.001 | |
| Erythropoiesis stimulating agent use (%) | 315 (0.2) | 725 (0.7) | 1368 (4.0) | <.001 | |
| Red blood cell transfusion within 6 months (%) | 823 (0.4) | 936 (0.9) | 558 (1.6) | <.001 |
Data are presented as median (1st-3rd quantile) for continuous measures and n (%) for categorical measures.
a Data are shown among those without anemia treatment (n = 322 330).