Table 8.
Relative risks for the covariates in multivariable regression analyses predicting anemia other than categories for the eGFR and albuminuria
| Variable | Relative risk for anemia | 95% confidence interval | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, per 1-year increase | 1.03 | 1.03–1.03 | <.001 |
| Male | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | .014 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, per 1% change | 0.96 | 0.95–0.97 | <.001 |
| Difference in eGFR among the same eGFR category | 0.99 | 0.99–0.99 | <.001 |
| Diabetic proliferative retinopathy | 1.19 | 1.07–1.32 | .001 |
| Diabetic macular edema | 1.14 | 1.03–1.26 | .010 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | .011 |
| Heart failure | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | .016 |
| Stroke | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | .98 |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 0.99 | 0.84–1.16 | .88 |
| Interstitial nephritis | 0.99 | 0.86–1.13 | .88 |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 1.15 | 0.90–1.46 | .27 |
| Other kidney disease | 1.04 | 0.96–1.12 | .34 |
| Obesity | 0.92 | 0.82–1.04 | .19 |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 0.87 | 0.78–0.96 | .008 |
| Coagulation defects | 1.11 | 1.06–1.16 | <.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.04 | 0.99–1.10 | .084 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 0.91 | 0.79–1.04 | .16 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.97 | 0.93–1.00 | .067 |
| Alcoholic disorder | 1.45 | 1.17–1.81 | .001 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor use | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | .65 |
| Biguanide use | 0.95 | 0.93–0.98 | .002 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use | 0.96 | 0.93–0.98 | <.001 |
| Glinide use | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | .94 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist use | 0.93 | 0.89–0.96 | <.001 |
| Insulin use | 1.27 | 1.24–1.30 | <.001 |
| Pioglitazone use | 1.20 | 1.15–1.26 | <.001 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor use | 0.73 | 0.70–0.76 | <.001 |
| Sulfonylurea use | 0.98 | 0.94–1.01 | .16 |
| Antidyslipidemia use | 0.93 | 0.90–0.95 | <.001 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use | 1.06 | 1.01–1.11 | .009 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker use | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | <.001 |
| Beta-blocker use | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | .11 |
| Calcium channel blocker use | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | <.001 |
| Diuretic use | 1.11 | 1.08–1.14 | <.001 |
| Antineoplastic use | 1.29 | 1.24–1.34 | <.001 |
| Anti-infective use | 1.23 | 1.21–1.25 | <.001 |
| Antithrombotic use | 1.21 | 1.19–1.24 | <.001 |
| H2 blocker use | 1.12 | 1.08–1.16 | <.001 |
| Proton pump inhibitor use | 1.17 | 1.14–1.20 | <.001 |
| Antacid use | 1.09 | 1.07–1.11 | <.001 |
| NSAID use | 1.16 | 1.14–1.19 | <.001 |
| Antirheumatic use | 1.13 | 0.95–1.34 | .17 |
| Systemic corticosteroid use | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAID, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug.