Table 2.

Qualitative studies utilizing the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of health behavior change directed toward substance use treatment and prevention.

Author (Year)	Location of study	Type of behavior studied	Study characteristics
(31)	Hamadan city, Iran	Water pipe smoking	34 interviews with first- and second-grade high school male students. Qualitative study utilized directed content analysis.
(32)	Hamadan City, Iran	Drug addiction	17 semi-structured and individualized interviews from male participants referred to drug addiction treatment centers. Qualitative study utilized theory-based directed content analysis.
(33)	Karachi, Pakistan	Smoking cessation and associated factors	13 in-depth, face-to-face, and semi-structured interviews from adult smokers with cardio-vascular or respiratory diseases. Qualitative descriptive exploratory study utilized a manual thematic analysis