Table 3.

Experimental Studies Utilizing Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change directed toward substance use treatment and prevention interventions.

Author (Year)	Location of study	Participants	Type of study/design	Type of behavior studied	Outcomes
(31)	Hamadan city, Western Iran	94 male adolescent students; from grades 10 and 11	Randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a pretest-posttest design	Reducing water pipe smoking	Intervention was effective in reducing water pipe smoking
(34)	Bangalore city, India	64 tobacco product users visited or referred to Department of Public Health Dentistry	Non-randomized, uncontrolled trial design	Using MTM-focused intervention in tobacco cessation counseling (TCC)	Tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) was effective on follow-up scores