Table 3.
Characteristics of clinical studies employing BR grafts.
| Author | Study design | No. of patients (mean year; M/F) | Characteristics of defects | No. of implants | Type of surgery | Origin of BRs | Follow-up period | Surgery procedure | Timing of implant placement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Alveolar ridge augmentation | |||||||||
| El Chaar et al[27] | Retrospective case series | 8 (61.6; 4/4) | Siebert class II and III ridge deficiency, ≥4 mm apical to the native bone, and ≥1 mm of interproximal bone | 8 | Horizontal and vertical augmentation | Allograft | 7 mo | BR grafts, gap with particulate allograft, covering with 2 collagen resorbable membranes | Simultaneously |
| Chen et al[28] | Retrospective case series | 15 (35; 9/6) | Single central maxillary incisor loss with 2–3 wall defects | 15 | Horizontal and vertical augmentation | Autogenous (10 in situ and 5 from the chin) | 4 mo–3 y | BR grafts, bovine bone substitute, covering with resorbable collagen membrane | Simultaneously |
| Ding et al[8] | Retrospective cohort study | 11 (49.91 ± 12.95; 8/3), 12 augmented sites | Class III–IV alveolar ridge defects | 12 | Horizontal augmentation | Xenograft | 12 mo | BR grafts, bovine bone substitute, covering with resorbable collagen membrane | Simultaneously |
| Fukuda et al[6] | Case series | 9 | Insufficient alveolar bone height in the anterior maxilla | 14 | Vertical augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 3.1 y (1.5–4.7) | BR grafts with cancellous bone chips | Simultaneously |
| Flanagan[29] | Case series | 8 | Single tooth partial edentulism with atrophic facial cortices | 8 | Horizontal and vertical augmentation | Allograft | 4 mo | BR grafts, 50–50 mix of particulate allograft and calcium sulfate, covering with collagen membrane | Simultaneously |
| Nord et al[30] | Retrospective cohort study | 51 (58.8 ± 11.7; 21/30) | Vertical bone defects (54 in maxilla, 27 in mandible) | 81 | 10 cases were extraction augmentation; 41 cases were vertical augmentation | Allograft | 12 mo | BR grafts, mixture of autologous bone particles and bovine bone graft particles, coving with porcine pericardium barrier membrane | Simultaneously |
| Wychowanski et al[31] | Clinical controlled trial | Test: 15 Control: 15 |
Vertical bone defects (premolar or molar area in the mandible) | Test: 30 Control: 30 |
Vertical augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 24 mo | Test: BR grafts, xenograft, covering collagen membrane Control: Tunnel xenograft |
Test: Simultaneously Control: Staged |
| Yawale et al[32] | Case series | 15 | Siebert class II and/or class III defects | 16 | Horizontal and vertical augmentation | Autogenous (in situ) | 6 mo | BR grafts, osseograft particles, covering a barrier membrane | Simultaneously |
| (b) Extraction socket augmentation | |||||||||
| Chandra et al[33] | Controlled clinical trial | 34 (32.60 ± 10.22; 17/17) Test: 17 1 patient lost, 2 sites osseintegration failed Control: 17 1 site lacked implant primary stability |
Single incisor or premolar in a type II socket | Test: 14 Control: 16 |
Horizontal and vertical socket augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 12 mo | Test: BR grafts, autogenous bone particles Control: sticky bone with a membrane |
Staged |
| Giraddi and Saifi[21] | Prospective cohort study | 14 patients (30.35 ± 7.13; 7/7) 15 augmented sites |
7 in maxilla, 8 in mandible | 15 | Vertical socket augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 15 mo | BR grafts, autogenous spongious bone, covering with PRF membrane | Simultaneously |
| Omara et al[34] | Prospective cohort study | 10 patients (31; 6/4) 12 augmented sites |
Severe buccal defects in the mandibular premolar molar region | 12 | Horizontal socket augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 6 mo | BR grafts | Simultaneously |
| Yuce et al[35] | Prospective cohort study | 8 patients (42.63; 3/5) 12 augmented sites |
Maxillary anterior region | 12 | Horizontal and vertical socket augmentation | Autogenous BRs from the chin | 18 mo | BR grafts | Simultaneously |
| (c) Sinus floor elevation | |||||||||
| Rizzo et al[22] | Case series | 4 (62; 1/3) | Extremely resorbed bone crests (≤3 mm) | 4 | Vertical sinus augmentation | Allograft | — | BR grafts, covering a resorbable membrane | Simultaneously |
| Sindel et al[23] | Retrospective cohort study | 10 (57.8; 6/4) | Severe alveolar ridge atrophy with Schneiderian membrane perforation | 10 | Vertical sinus augmentation | Autogenous (from the chin) | 24.3 mo | BR grafts | Simultaneously |
BR = bone ring, M/F = male/female.