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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Invest Dermatol. 2017 Oct 24;138(2):434–443. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.030

Figure 4. Changes in the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily downstream signaling proteins in wounds of aged diabetic pigs.

Figure 4.

Valsartan-treated wounds express higher levels of SMAD3, phosphorylated SMAD2 and phosphorylated SMAD3, and the common mediator SMAD4 in healed skin compared with placebo. A decrease in the expression of SMAD2 was also observed in the valsartan-treated wounds. The photomicrographs present red or green fluorescent staining with a blue DAPI nuclear counter stain at ×63 magnification. Quantification of the levels of SMADs in porcine wounds is shown. Total n = 12 wounds per treatment group. Scale bar, 20 μm. The data are presented as the mean fluorescence intensity ± standard error of the mean. ****P < 0.0001. SMAD, mothers against decapentaplegic.